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What is body fluid?
Water and it's dissolved substances.
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How much of the bodys weight does body fluid comprise?
60%
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How much of the body's fluid is located in the cells? What is it called?
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How much of the body's fluid is extracellular fluid.
1/3
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Interstitial fluid
Fluid between the cells- comprises close to 80% of the extracellular fluid.
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Types of interstitial fluid?
- Plasma & Lymph- 20% of extracellular fluids
- Cerebrospinal
- Gastrointestinal
- synovial
- Fluid in the eyes- Aqueous humor $ Vitreous body
- Fluid in ear- Endo/Peri lymph
- Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids
- Glomerular filtrate of the kidneys
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What is the primary way that water moves in and out of the fluid compartments?
Osmosis
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What is a major determinant of fluid balance?
Concentration of solutes in fluids.
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Osmotically normal saline is a solution with a NaCl concentration compatible with _______. Normal saline is ___%NaCl
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Osmotically normal saline AKA
Physiological isotonic
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Metabolic water
Water produced as a byproduct of metabolism. About 200ml a day.
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2 Sources of metabolic water
- Dehydration synthesis
- Cellular respiration
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Dehydration synthesis
produced anabolically; example is amino acids in the synthesis of protein.
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Cellular respiration
produced cataboliclly; example is the formation of water as a byproduct of ATP energy generation in the Electron transport chain
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Nonelectrolytes
compounds with covalent bonds and include organic compounds such as glucose, proteins, and fats that do not conduct electricity.
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Electrolytes
Chemicals in the body that dissociate into cations and anions. They have atleast 1 ionic bond which allows them to conduct electricity. Examples; acids, bases, and salts.
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What is electrolyte concentration expressed in?
Milliequivalents per liter (mEq/l)
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What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
Sodium (Na)
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Hyponatremia
lower than normal blood sodium from excessive sweating, burns, or diuretic meds.
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Hypernatremia
higher than normal blood sodium from water loss or sodium gain.
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What is the most abundant exracellular anion?
Chloride (Cl)
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Hypochloremia
- low level of chloride in blood
- Results from excessive vomiting, dehydration, & diuretics.
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What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
Potassium (K)- its involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse stimulation.
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Hypokalemia
- Lower than normal potassium.
- Results from excessive vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, & diuretics.
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Hyperkalemia
- higher than normal potassium.
- Usually caused by renal failure
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What is the most abundant cation in bones and teeth?
Calcium(Ca)
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Hypocalcemia
low level of calcium which may result from a vitamin D deficiency or a symptom of hypoparathyroidism.
ie-rickets and tetany
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Hypercalcemia
- abnormally high level of calcium.
- May be from excessive parathyroid hormone, cancer, or too much vitamin D.
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Bicarbonate ions
Second most prevalent extracellular anions behind Cl
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Movement of fluids between the plasma and interstitial compartments occurs over
Capillary membranes
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Fluid moves out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid by____.
Filtration
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Under normal conditions there is a state of near equilibrium at the arterial and venous ends of the capillary between filtered, absorbed and lymphatic pickup. This equilibrium is known as?
Starlings law of the capillaries.
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The movement of fluids between the interstitial and intracellular compartments accurs
Across the cell membrane
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Normal pH of extracellular fluid?
7.35-7.45
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Homeostasis of pH is maintained by?
Buffer systems
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
- important in regulating blood pH. It uses the HCO3 ion.
- In the prescence of a strong base the bicarbonate ion captures the cation to form a weak base
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Phosphate buffer system
Like carbonic acid system only it functions in the kidneys
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The pH of the body fluids may be adjusted by a change in the
Rate and depth of respiration
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Where are the respiratory centers?
Medulla oblongata of the brain
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Acidosis
pH of the blood ranges from 7.35-6.80 or lower
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Alkalosis
Blood pH of 7.45-8.00 or higher
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Acidosis and alkalosis may be either
Respiratory or metabolic
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Respiratory relates to
the partial pressure of Carbon dioxide in the blood
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A high partial pressure of CO2 result in
respiratory acidosis and decreases pH
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How do you compensate for respiratory acidosis?
increase oxygen
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Low CO2 levels result in
Respiratory alkalosis and increases pH
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How do you compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease oxygen (bag breathing)
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