Biology Unit Test 1.txt

There must be a positive and negative end of the molecule sticking out out, so there must be covalent bonds.

The atomic number of oxygen is 6 so there are 6 protons/electrons. The atomic mass is equal to protons+neutrons. So there are 6 neutrons

Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structure.

Buffers are chemical systems containing a substance that can donate H+ ions when they are required and containing a substance that can remove H+ ions when there are too many in solution. In living things such as cells they are used so that there are no significant changes in pH.

There are two electrons in a covalent bond

• Organic compounds - Carbons and Hydrogens
• Inorganic compounds - can have carbon but also contain other minerals and elements, such as oxygen

-OH

-COOH

-NH2

-SH

-PO4

-COH or -CO-

Hydrocarbons are molecules that consist only of Hydrogen and carbon.

Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds found in living things? Noncovalent bonds are the strongest bonds found in enzymes.

Amino Acids are the components of protein. There are 20 proteins

Monosaccharides are the most basic carbohidrates. Dissacharides are two monosaccharides put together

The function of glycogen is the secondary long-term energy storage in an animal cell. It is mainly found in the liver and muscles

When a water molecule is removed it is called a condesation reaction or a dehydration reaction. It is where a covalent bond is created linking two subunits, this creates one large molecule. When a water molecule is removed it is called a hydrolysis reaction. It is where water is used to break the covalent bond holding two subunits together.

A reduction reaction is where an atom gains one or more electrons

Oxidation is the process of losing electrons.

During a redox reaction the substance that gains an electron is reduced and the substance that gives an electron is called a reducing agent.

In an oxidizing reaction the substance that loses the electron is oxidized and the substance that takes the electron is called the oxidizing agent.

• the reaction of an acid and a base to produce water and a salt.
• HCL + NaOH --> H2O + NaCL
• acid base Water salt

a catabolic reaction in which a water molecule is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together

• (Gibbs free energy) energy that can do work.
• Eg+Eh=Et
• gravitational potential energy + thermal energy = total energy

• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions.
• Liver enzymes: Substances produced by the liver and released into the blood; these are measured to assess liver function.
• Restriction enzymes: Bacterial enzymes that cleave DNA at very specific locations. Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries.
• Cardiac enzymes:Complex substances capable of speeding up certain biochemical processes in the cardiac muscle. Abnormal levels of these enzymes signal heart attack.
• Digestive enzymes: Enzymes that speed the process of breaking large food molecules into smaller units that are absorbed into the cells.
• Metabolic enzymes: Protein-based substances that promote change in bodily cells.

enzymes are protein catalysts that force reactant molecules into the correct orientation and lower the required energy for a collision to produce a reaction.

A way for an organism that produces energy without oxygen (respiration without oxygen)

Requires oxygen to create energy (ATP)

The enzyme ATP Synthase does this because it allows the protons [H+] to move through it, which powers ADP +Pi to form ATP. It looks like a bulbous structure.

Glucose --> 2 pyruvates (pyruvic acid)

removal of an acetyl group from pyruvate --> acetyl CoA

citrate --> oxaloacetate

NADH dehydrogenase --> cytochrome oxidase complex

allowing the flow and materials in and out of the cell

In the cytoplasm.

In the mitochondrial matrix

• In eukaryotic cells the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
• In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.

The inner mitochondrial membrane.

in the cytoplasm

aerobic by far. anaerobic only makes a net of 2 ATP

A pore in the epidermis of the leaf. It allows CO2 into the cell and then excretes O that is produced by photosynthesis.

The reactant that an enzyme acts on when it catalyzes a chemical reaction

The location where the substrate binds to an enzyme.

a model of enzyme activity that describes an enzyme as a dynamic protein molecule that changes shape to better accomodate the substrate

It is analogy. The Key is the substrate, the key hole is the active site, the lock is the enzyme.

a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function

Is enclosed within the cell membrane and contains all of the organelles

an enzyme with its substrate attached to the active site

nonproteins components, such as dissolved ions, that are needed for some enzymes to function.

organic nonprotein cofactors that are needed for some enzymes to function

a green pigment found in plants

Cells that conduct photosynthesis.

The outside layer.

the thick fluid found in between grana, which are stacks of thylakoid disks. Stroma is where the carbohydrate formation reactions occur in the chloroplast of plant cells undergoing photosynthesis.

Large cells outside of the stoma that open and close it

The photosynthetic cells that form the bulk of a plant leaf

the transfer of a fragment of DNA from one site in the genome to another location

a system of tubes and cells that transport water and mineral from the roots to the leaf cells and carry carbohydrates from the leaves to other parts of a plant, including the roots

the loss of water vapour from plant tissues, primarily through stomata

The ability to do work

energy stored by virtue of an object's position within an attractive or repulsive force field

energy possessed by moving objects

In the spring and summer, leaves appear green because of the high concentration of chlorophyll. Xanthophyll (yellow), carotenoids (yellow-orange), and anthocyanins (red, violet, and blue) are overwhelmed by the green light reflected by chlorophyll. In autumn, plants stop producing chlorophyll, causing the yellow, red, and brown colours of autumn leaves to show.