Chem 111 Chp 7

There can be 0, 1, or 2 electrons in an orbital. If there are two electrons in a single orbital they will have opposite spins.

Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.

The minimal amount of energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral gaseous atom. Endothermic. Decreases the size of the atom. Decreases as you move down the families, increases as you move left to right.

A measure of the energy change when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom. Exothermic. Makes atoms larger. Decreases as you move down families, increases as you move left to right.

Affected by the effective nuclear charge of an atom. Increases in size as you move down the table, decreases as you move left to right.

(# of protons in the nucleus) + (# of shielding e-)

Has unpaired electrons

No unpaired electrons.

• 4: n, l, m, s
• n, principal: relative distance of the e- from the nucleus (1, Infinity - 1)
• l, secondary: shape and type of orbital (0, n-1)
• m, magnetic: Orientation of the orbital (-L, +L)
• s, spin: Spin of the electron (+/- 1/2)

• Sphere
• l = 0

Dumbbell

l = 1

3 to an energy state

• Spiky
• l = 2
• 5 to an energy state

Developed the first modern model of the atom. Thought electrons circled the nucleus like planets around the sun.

Demolished Bohr's model by stating we can't know where and how fast an electron is and that the act of observing changes the outcome.

Duality of nature: an electron acts as both a wave and a particle

Wrote the formula to find the probable spot an electron could be. The formula gives us quantum numbers which tell us which orbital certain electrons will probably be in.

Wrote equation to determine energy released by an electron falling towards the nucleus.

Take an electron from the 4s orbital and move it into the 3d orbital.