-
Define synergistic pair
muscles that contract at the same time
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Define antagonistic pair
muscles that contract at opposite times
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Define insertion
end attachment to the bone that moves
-
Define origin
end attachment to the bone that sits still
-
What are the 5 steps of the sliding filament model of contraction?
- Resting sacromere
- cross-bridge attachment
- bending of myosin head (the power stroke)
- cross-bridge detachment
- myosin reactivation
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What does troponin do during muscle contraction?
block the actin filament binding sites
-
What does tropomyosin do during muscle contraction?
block the actin filament binding sites
-
What do calcium ions do during muscle contraction?
bind to troponin and open up actin binding sites
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Define motor unit
a motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates
-
Define slow-twitch muscle cells
contract slowly, last a long time once they get going
-
Define fast-twitch muscle cells
contract more quickly, dont last as long
-
List the divisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems
- CNS - brain and spinal cord
- PNS - nerves and bunches of nerves (found everywhere but brain and spinal cord)
- divided into:
- somatic - muscle movement
- autonomic - digestive system
- Autonomic --
- sympathetic - fight or flight
- parasympathetic - conserves energy
-
Define sensory neuron
- carry info toward brain and spinal cord
- (hands, ears, eyes)
-
Define motor neuron
- carry info away from brain and spinal cord
- (muscles)
-
Define interneuron
- reflexes
- only in brain and spinal cord
- (knee reflex)
-
Define axon
- send signals out
-
Define dendrite
- recieve info
-
Define cell body
- controls
-
Define myelin sheath
- insulating outer layer around the axons
-
Define node of Ranvier
- spaces between the myelin sheaths
-
List the steps of action potential
- resting potential -70mV
- 1. Sodium ions enter neurons
- 2. Potassium ions leave the neuron
- 3. Sodium-potassium pump is active
- 4. returns to resting potential -70mV
-
Define saltatory conduction
- signals jump down the axon
- generates a response quicker
-
Define synapse
junction between a nerve cell and another cell
-
Define presynaptic bulb
neurotransmitters are released at the end of an axon
-
Define postsynaptic neuron
synapse binds to receptors on the 2nd cell
-
Define neurotransmitter
synapses are crossed with chemicals
-
Define meninges
3 protective connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord
-
Define cerebrospinal fluid
fills in the space between the layers of the meninges
-
Define blood-brain barrier
selects materials permitted to enter the CSF from the blood
-
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
-
Define cerebrum
largest and most prominent part of the brain
-
Define cerebral cortex
outer layer of brain
-
Define corpus collosum
two hemispheres connected by a band of nervous tissue
-
Define gray matter
nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
-
Define white matter
under the cortex that is made up of myelinated axons
-
Define motor area
area that will send messages to the skeletal muscles
-
Define sensory area
sends info to the cerebral cortex
-
Define association area
links things together
-
Define hypothalamus
small region of the brain largely responsible for homeostasis
-
Define medulla
connects the spinal cord to the brain
-
Define midbrain
processes info about sights and sounds and controls relfex responses
-
Define pons
bridge structure, connects lower portions of CNS with higher brain structures
-
Define limbic system
group of structures that generates memory and emotions
-
Define reticular activating system
filter for sensory input
-
List the steps in a spinal reflex arc
- 1. stimulus initiates pain
- 2. sensory messages are carried to spinal cord by sensory neuron
- 3. interneurons integrate info from sensory neurons and stimulate motor neurons
- 4. motor neurons stimulate correct muscles
- 5. muscle contracts and causes you to lift foot
-
Define spinal nerve
- 31 pairs in the spinal cord
- 1 pair controls left, 1 controls right
-
Define cranial nerve
12 pairs that serve the head and other body parts
-
Define concussion
brain knocking up against the skull
-
Define stroke
a blood clot in the brain
-
Define quadriplegic
loss of use of all 4 limbs, spinal cord break in neck
-
Define paraplegic
loss of 2 limbs (legs), spinal cord break in back
-
Define positive feedback loop
amplifies an action
-
Define negative feedback loop
reverses an action
-
What is the function of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)?
stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
-
What is the function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
-
What is the function of FSH?
stimulates sperm & egg production
-
What is the function of LH?
stimulates sperm & egg production
-
What is the function of prolactin?
produces milk
-
What is the function the human growth hormone?
tells bones & muscles to get bigger
-
What is the function the melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
- no known function
- but known to induce color changes in skin
-
What is the function of oxytocin?
- muscle contraction
- stimulates milk
-
What is the function of ADH?
stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and keeping it in the blood
-
What is the function of the thyroid hormone?
controls metabolism
-
What is the function of calcitonin?
- removes calcium from bloodstream
- builds bone
-
What is the function of aldosterone?
tells the kidney to keep salts & remove potassium
-
What is the function of cortisol?
increases blood glucose level
-
What is the function of testosterone?
sex hormone
-
What is the function of estrogen?
sex hormone
-
What is the function of epinephrine?
- adrenalin
- allows body to respond to emergencies
-
What is the function of insulin?
causes blood glucose level to go down
-
What is the function of glucagon?
increases the level of blood sugar
-
What is the function of melatonin?
sleep/wake cycle
-
What causes Gigantism?
too much growth hormone during childhood
-
What causes dwarfism?
not enough growth hormone produced
-
What causes acromegaly?
too much growth hormone after puberty
-
What causes Cushing's syndrome?
prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
-
What causes Addison's disease?
the immune system attempts to destroy the cells of the adrenal cortex
-
Define plasma
- a liquid matrix
- water and proteins
-
Define formed elements
cells & platelets
-
What is in plasma?
liquid matrix
-
What is in formed elements?
blood cells and platelets
-
What are the functions of blood?
- carries materials
- provide for immune defenses
- clotting mechanisms
- regulates the body's acid-base balance
- helps to regulate body temp
-
Define hemophilia
- bleeding troubles
- inability to heal wounds quickly after a minor injury
-
Define granulocytes
have granules in their cytoplasm
-
Define agranulocytes
have no granules or very small granules
-
Define platelets
blood clotting
-
Define neutrophils
surrounds bacteria and eats it
-
Define eosinophils
defend body against worms
-
Define basophils
helps increase allergic reactions
-
Define monocytes
blob that goes around looking for things to eat (clean up)
-
Define lymphocytes
- produce antibodies
- kills cells directly
-
Define red blood cells
small, disk-like cells that lack a nucleus
-
What is a function of blood cells?
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
-
What is a function of platelets?
blood clotting
-
What 3 gases can hemoglobin transport?
- carbon monoxide
- carbon dioxide
- oxygen
-
Define anemia
- low red blood cell count
- low oxygen = low energy
-
Define mononucleosis
- caused by Epstein-Barr virus
- low energy
-
Define hemolytic disease
Rh- mother having a Rh+ baby produces antibodies that try to kill off the baby
-
Define leukemia
cancer of the white blood cells
-
Define platelet plug
platelets clump @ site of damage & partially seal the leak
-
Define thrombin
an enzyme that cuts fibrinogen
-
Define fibrin
- forms a mesh net
- forms a blood clot
-
What is the function of an artery?
carries blood away from the heart
-
What is the function of arteriole?
maintains blood pressure
-
What is the function of a capillary?
exchange materials between blood & body tissues
-
What is the function of a venule?
move blood back to the heart
-
What is the function of a vein?
returns blood to the heart
-
Why do veins and venules have vavles?
keeps blood going forward towards heart
-
Define capillary bed
network of capillaries servicing a specific area
-
Define precapillary sphincter
ring of smooth muscles that surround capillary
-
What is the function of the semilunar vavles?
keeps blood from flowing backwards
-
What is the function of atrioventricular valves?
keeps blood from flowing backwards
-
Where does blood flow in the pulmonary circuit?
to the lungs & back to heart
-
Where does blood flow in the systemic circuit?
to and from body tissues
-
What is the major function of the coronary arteries?
feeds the heart muscle
-
Define sinoatrial (SA) node
initiate heartbeat & causes atria to contract
-
Define pacemaker
sends a signal to initiate each heartbeat
-
Define atrioventricular (AV) node
recieves signals from SA node & initiates contraction of ventricles
-
Which of the nodes is considered the hearts pacemaker?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
-
Define blood pressure
measure of blood pushing against wall of blood vessels
-
Define high blood pressure
heart enlarges & works less efficiently
-
Define atherosclerosis
buildup of fatty substances in the walls of arteries cutting off blood flow
-
Define heart attack
a blood vessel to the heart is blocked
-
What does the top and bottom #'s in a blood pressure reading mean?
- Top - systolic pressure - contracting
- Bottom - diastolic pressure - relaxing
-
What are 2 functions of the lymphatic system?
- returns excess interstitial fluid to blood
- transports fat
-
What are the advantages of breathing through the nose instead of the mouth?
it filters, warm, and moisten air before entering the lungs
-
What happens during inhalation?
you breathe in
-
What happens during exhalation?
breathing out
-
How does the pressure of the chest cavity influence the movement of air during exhalation?
air pressure is higher than the air pressure outside the lungs, air is pushed out of lungs
-
How does the pressure of the chest cavity influence the movement of air during inhalation?
the air pressure outside of the lungs is greater than air pressure inside the lungs
-
How are gases transported into and out of the alveoli?
oxygen is breathed in enters blood from alveoli & carbon dioxide leaves the blood
-
What are 3 ways that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood?
- dissolved in blood plasma
- carried by hemoglobin
- transported as carbonate ions
-
Define the common cold
- caused by a virus
- runny nose, sore throat, sneezing
-
Define flu
- caused by a virus/bacteria
- similar to colds
- chills, high fever, aches & pains, headache, sore throat, weakness, dry cough
-
Define pneumonia
caused by bacteria or virus in the lungs where bronchi & alveoli fill up with fluid
-
Define strep throat
- caused by bacteria
- swollen glands, fever, tonsillitis
-
Define bronchitis
- result of other infections
- chronic inflammation of the bronchial passageway & buildup of mucus
-
Define emphysema
airways are always inflamed & filled with mucus
-
Define lung cancer
cells undergo critical mutation that cause basal cells of lungs to be disorganized
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