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an interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region
urban system
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the physical structure and organization of cities
urban form
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the social and demographic composition of city districts and neighbourhoods
urban ecology
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the way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behaviour fostered by urban settings
urbanism
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a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
gateway city
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a city that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural lives
shock city
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settlements in which certain products and services are available to consumers
central places
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a theory that seeks to explain the relative seize and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behaviours
central place theory
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the maximum distance that consumers will normally travel to obtain a particular product or service
range
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the minimum market size to make the sale of a particular product or service profitable
threshold
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a statistical regularity in city-size distributions of countries and regions
rank- size rule
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a condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities in the system
primacy
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the functional dominance of cities within an urban system
centrality
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very large cities characterized by high centrality within their national economy
megacities
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economic activities that take place beyond official record and are not subject to formalized systems of regulation or remuneration
informal sector
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set of manufacturing, processing, trading, or service activities that serve markets beyond the city
economic base
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economic activities that provide income from sales to customers beyond city limits
basic functions
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economic activities that serve a city's own population
nonbasic functions
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the process by which the economic growth of a cit enables it to attain a position of national dominance and, in so doing, creates the geographical structure of a metropolis and hinterland
metropolitanism
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the net loss of populations from cities to smaller towns and rural areas
counterurbanization
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a condition in which cities grow more rapidly than jobs and housing they can sustain
overurbaization
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residential developments on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
squatter settlements
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the central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city
central business district(CBD)
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area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
zone in transition
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nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections
edge cities
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the movement into older, centrally located working- class neighbourhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well located residences
gentrification
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the territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people
congregation
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population subgroups that are seen or that see themselves as somehow different from the general population
minority groups
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the spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population
segrigation
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a hypothetical uniform plane flat and with no variations in its physical attributes
isotropic surface
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a process of neighbourhood change whereby one social or ethnic group succeeds another
invasion and succession
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