-
Intracellular fld is found where?
in cells of body
-
Is adipose tissue well hydrated?
no
-
what will happen if you consume large amounts of antacids?
metabolic alkalosis
-
is sodium the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
NO
-
componants of extracellular fluid?
- blood plasma and lymph
- interstitial fld
- cerebrospinal fld
-
nephritis shows symptoms in body as what imbalance?
metabolic acidosis
-
what assists in buffering changes in pH?
- amino acids
- hemoglobin
- carbonic acid/bicarbonate
- phosphate
-
does sodium assist in buffering a pH change?
no
-
where is thirst center located?
hypothalamus
-
what is the main cation in intracellular fluid?
potassium
-
with a decrease in pCO2 and in metabolic acidosis what does it tell you?
chronic with respiratory compensation
-
to survive humans must maintain normal volume and composition of what things?
-
-
what is the effect of decreased pH on amt of intracellular potassium ions?
decrease in amt of potassium ions
-
if water is lost but elecrolytes are retained what happens?
osmosis moves water from ICF to ECF
-
what hormone stimulates thirst mechanism?
ADH
-
dehydration?
water imbalance where output is more then intake causing imbalance in body fluids
-
what happens when large amt of pure water consumed?
osmolarities of 2 compartments are slightly lower
-
do elecrolytes have a greater or lessor osmotic power then non elecrolytes? and what does that mean?
Electrolytes have a greater osmotic power and have a greater ability to cause fld shifts
-
if you consume too much salt what happens in blood volume?
temporary increase in blood volume
-
how much body weight of a male is water?
60 %
-
what is lost from body by sweat,feces and urine?
salts
-
what compensates for changes in pH when body fluids change drastically?
- rate and depth of breathing
- carbonic acid bicarbonate buffering system
- protien buffer
-
hormone playing a role that determines rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss?
aldosterone
-
what maintains proper pH of body fluids?
- operation of buffers in blood
- control of respiratory ventilation
- active secretion of H+ into filtrate by kidney tubule cells
-
blood pH 7.6 indicates what ?
alkalosis
-
what stimulates water conservation by kidney?
antidiuretic hormone
-
hormone released by cardiac muscle in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls?
ANP
-
what are weak acids buffers?
they act as chemical buffers for body as they only partially dissociate
-
what would occur from an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?
edema
-
too much vomitting and diarrhea would cause electrolyte levels to do what?
be less or decrease
-
major anion in ECF?
chloride
-
major cation in intracellular fld?
K+
-
what does ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) do?
- block ADH release
- block aldosterone release
- promote diuresis
- reduce thirst
-
what causes the most problems with electrolyte imbalance?
imbalance of sodium ion gains and losses in body
-
diabetic stops insulin d/t sore throat and swallowing pain. what acid base disorder could develop?
metabolic acidosis, increased anion gap
-
morbid obese, sticks to 600 calorie diet and 2000 cc water daily for 10 days. what acid base disorder could happen?
metabolic acidosis; increase anion gap
-
COPD, home O2 dependant, daily chronic sputum production, tx with several metered dose inhalors. what acid base disorder present?
chronic respiratory acidosis
-
what will happen to kidneys with a higher plasma concentration of aldosterone?
kidney will conserve sodium ions more effectively
-
what happens when level of sodium in extracellular fluid decreases?
increase of aldosterone
-
hyperkalemia?
too much potassium
-
several days of vomitting, pregnant woman has alkalosis. what will urine have elevated?
concentrated bicarbonate
-
why will hypoventilation produce acidosis?
CO2 accumulates and reacts with H2O
-
how does Angiotensis II produce elevation in ECF volume?
- stimulate thirst
- cause ADH release
- trigger production and secretion of aldosterone
-
when sodium in extra cellular fld increases what is stimulated?
osmoreceptors are stimulated
-
trauma patient with crushing leg might have what imbalance?
hyperkalemia
-
major cation regulation for extracellular osmolarity?
sodium
-
when is ADH greatest?
when amout of ADH is released when blood osmolarity is HIGH
-
what structure will eliminate excess potassium from?
kidney
-
acid base disorder associated with elevated respiration
respiratory alkalosis
-
abnormally large amt of ketones in blood gives a rise to what?
metabolic acidosis
-
amt of potassium secreted by kidney is regulated by what hormone ?
aldosterone
-
factors increasing secretion of antidiuretic hormone ?
- increase concentration of sodium in ECF
- water deprivation
- decrease in renal blood flow
- increase osmolarity of ECF
-
in a long standing metabolic acidosis, RR may increase. what is this an example of?
compensation
-
when dissolved in H2O what will produce ions?
electrolytes
-
what hormone promotes reabsorption of calcium by kidney?
calcitriol
-
when dissolved in water, acids produce what ions?
hydrogen ions and negative ions
-
are infants more or less prone to dehydration?
more prone to dehydration
-
PRIMARY role of carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system?
prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acid
-
do infants produce more or less metabolic waste?
more
-
when is pH lower? hypoventilation or hyperventilation?
lower after hypoventilation
-
why are eldery more prone to acid base problems?
slower exhaled CO2
-
acidosis can cause what problems?
- coma and death
- cardiac arrhythmia
- heart failure
- kidney failure
-
why are infants more prone to dehydration?
fluid output 7x higher
-
what do kidneys secrete when pH of extracellular flud declines?
kidney secrete more potassium
-
hypoventilation causes what problem?
respiratory acidosis
-
what is effect of a decrease in pH on amt of potassium in urine?
increase in amout of potassium in urine
-
in response to respiratory alkalosis what happens with carbon dioxide?
body retains more carbon dioxide
-
response to a rapid increase of organic acid in body what is observed?
RR decrease
-
prolonged vomiiting results in what ?
metabolic alkalosis
-
emphysema shows signs of what imbalance?
respiratory acidosis
-
chronic diabetes shows signs of what imbalance?
metabolic acidosis
-
high altitude can cause lose of consciousness as result of what imbalance?
respiratory alkalosis
-
define pH
negative exponent of H+ ion concentration
-
Elevated blood potassium will release what hormone?
aldosterone
-
What condition can cause spontaneous neural firing?
alkalosis
-
Which hormone causes peripheral vasodilation?
BNP (Brain Natriuretic peptide)
-
How will your respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
breathe slower so RR decreases
-
What is the technical term for elevated sodium?
hypernatremia
-
The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by
aldosterone
-
Why are levels of bicarbonate ion higher in arterial blood than venous blood
Because more bicarbonate ions are used up in venous blood to buffer hydrogen ions
-
principle anion in extracellular fluid is
chloride
-
hypernatremia can be defined as
excessive retention of plasma sodium
-
Holding your breath for an extended period of time results in
respiratory acidosis
-
In compensating for respiratory alkolosis, the body excretes more
Bicarbonate ions
-
Drinking plain water after excessive sweating leads to
water intoxication
-
define neutral?
pH 7; the soln contains equal numbers of H+ and hydroxide ions
-
define acid
define acidic
- acid- a compound dissociates in soln and releases a H+ and an anion
- acidic- soln with pH below 7; H+ ions predominate
-
define basic
define base
- basic- soln with pH above 7; hydroxide ions predominate
- base- compound where dissociation releases hydroxide or removes a hydrogen from soln
-
alkaline?
soln with pH above 7; hydroxide ions predominate
-
define salt
define buffer
- salt- inorganic compound of cation other then H+ and anion other then hydroxide
- buffer- compound that stabilizes pH of soln by removing or releasing H+
-
what is a strong acid vs. weak acid?
- strong - completely dissociates in soln
- weak- acid where a good njmber of molecules remain intact and dissociation is not complete.
-
strong base vs weak base?
- weak base completely dissociates
- strong base the molecules remain intact and dissociation is not complete
-
intracellular fluid?
extracellular fluid?
interstitial fluid?
vascular fluid?
- intracellular- cytosol
- extracellular-fluid outside body cells; includes interstitial and blood plasma
- interstitial fluid- fluid in tissues filling spaces between cells
- vascular fluid- inside blood and lymph vessels
-
anion vs cation
- anion (-) charge
- cation (+) charge
-
hypertonic
hypotonic
- hypertonic- soln with higher osmolarity
- hypotonic- soln with lower osmolarity
-
what are osmoreceptors?
sensitive to changes in osmolarity of plasma
-
what is edema?
movement of abnormal amt of water from plasma into interstitial fld
-
acidemia vs alkalemia
- acidemia pH below 7.35
- alkalemia pH above 7.45
-
compensation
- change in anatomical system in response to change in pH
- (renal) change in renal rates of H+ and HC03- secretion or reabsorption
- (respiratory) change in resp rate to adjust CO2 levels
-
buffer system
interacting compounds prevent increase or decrese in pH of body fld
-
fld shift
water movement between intracell adn extracell fld
-
when is ADH secreted?
dehydration
-
what situations stimulate secretion of aldosterone?
- lwo BP
- low Blood sodium level
-
ADH function on homeostasis of water volumee in body?
- 1) stimulates water conservation at kidney, reducing water loss in urine
- 2) stimulate thirst center to increase fld intake.
-
how does intracell buffer system help maintain pH of extracell plasm?
exchanges ions in resposnse to pH; chloride for bicarbonate and potassium for hydrogen ions.
-
how does pulmonary and renal mechanisms support chemical buffer system?
- secretion or reabsorption of H+
- control excretion of acid/bases
- generate additional buffers if needed
-
causes of metabolic acidosis
- imparied ability to excrete H+ at kidney
- production of large number of fixed /organic acid
- severe bicarbonate loss
-
term for low/high calcium levels
- hypocalcemia-low
- hypercalcemia-high
-
normal values for calcium
4.5-5.5
-
causes of hypocalcemia
- elevated phosphate
- loss through hypoparathyroidism
- diet intake loss
-
symptoms of hypocalcemia
- numb/tingle
- hyper reflex
- cramps
- tetany
- convulsions
-
cuase of hypercalcemia
- too much vit D intake
- hyperparathyroidism
-
symptom of hypercalcemia
- lethargy
- weak
- anorexia
- neauea/vomit
- polyuria
- depression
- confusion
- coma
-
too much chloride/too little?
- hyperchloremia is too much
- hypochloremia is too little
-
normal chloride range
95-105
-
causes for hyper/hypochloremia?
- hyperchloremia-dehydratioin, renal fail, hyperaldosgteronism or acidosis
- hypochloremia- vomit, aldosterone deficiency excess water intake, CHF
-
symptoms of hyper/hypochloremia
- hyper-weak, metabolic acidisisis, rapid deep breath
- hypo- muscle spasm, metabolic alkalosis, hypotension
-
too much magnesium/too little?
- hypermagnesemia- too much magnesium
- hypomagnesemia- too little magnesium
-
normal magnesium range
1.5-2
-
too much phosphate/too little?
- hyperphosphatemia- too much phosphate
- hypophosphatemia- too little phosphate
-
normal phosphate range
1.8-2.6
-
too much potassium/too little?
- hypokalemia- too little potassium
- hyperkalemia- too much potassium
-
normal potassium range
3.5-5
-
too much sodium/too little sodium
- hypernatremia- too much sodium
- hyponatremia- too little sodium
-
normal sodium range
135-145
-
-
normal osmolarity
280-300
-
-
-
-
normal bicarbonate range
21-27
-
normal glucose rate
70-110
-
-
-
-
-
urnie volume range
600-1200 /24 hours
-
-
urine specific gravity range
1.001-1.030
-
cardiac output normal range
4-8
-
-
respiratory normal ranges
FVC
FEV1
FMEF
- FVC- more then 80% (if not then restrictive pulm disease such as pregnancy, penumonia, or paralysis)
- FEV1-more then 80% (if not then obstructive pulm disease such as asthma)
- FMEF- more then 65% or obstructive pulm disease
-
-
how much of body makes up intracell fld?
2/3 of total body water
-
major cation in ECF?
major cation in ICF?
- sodium in ECF
- potassium in ICF
-
major anion in ECF?
major anion in ICF?
- ECF is chloride
- ICF is hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-)
-
what does "water follows salt mean?"
water wants to move passively in response to gradient. water moves from a higher solute concentration to try to dilute it.
-
antidiuretic hormone function
stimulate water conservation in collecting duct and thirst center
-
function of aldosterone
control sodium and potassium secretion of kidney tubule. if low sodium or increase in potassium then aldosterone is released
-
function of renin
- trigger decrease renal blood flow
- stimulate release of angiotensin 2
-
function of angiotensin 2
- trigger thirst
- increase vasoconstriction
- stimulate release of aldosterone
-
function of ANP?
reduce thirst adn block release of ADH and aldosterone
-
function of BNP
- reduce thirst and block release of ADH adn aldosterone
- stimulates vasodilation
-
if ECF hypertonic what happens to water?
water moves from Intra to extracell fluid
-
If ECF is hypotonic what happens to water?
water moves from Extracell fluid to inside
-
when does secretion of potassium ion at kidney increase?
- rise in ECF concentration
- aldosterone secretion
-
when does potassium retention happen at kidney?
pH falls and sodium potassium pump switches to using H+ ion instead of K+
-
major problem with hypokalemia? and hyperkalemia?
- hypo-muscle weak and paralysis
- hyper- cardiac arrhythmia
-
what is the most important factor affecting pH of ECF?
carbonic acid
-
If less CO2 in body what happens to pH?
if more CO2 in body what happens to pH?
- less CO2 = higher pH
- more CO2= less pH
-
what equation do we need to know about acids and carbonic acid
co2 + H20 = H2CO3 <=> H+ + HC03-
-
location of phosphate buffer?
only inside cell
-
what buffer systems happen inside and outside cells?
bicarbonate
-
in hemoglobin buffer system what is relationship of CL- and HCO3-?
CL- swapped for HCO3-
-
respiratory compensation
- lungs help regulate pH through carbonic acid-bicarb buffer system
- RR changes PCo2
- acute
-
renal compensation
- kidney helps regulate pH by adjusting secretion and reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate
- chronic
-
what happens with RR if acidic? basic?
- if acidic RR increases
- basic RR decreases
-
respiratory acid base disorders
resp system causing problem results in rise or fall of CO2 in ECF
-
metabolic acid base disorders
- generation of organic or fixed acid (exercise, diabetes, vomit)
- anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate
-
compensation happening in respiratory acidosis?
examples
- renal compensation which increases plasma bicarbonate
- (hypoventilation, COPD, asthma, paralysis, pneumonia pneumothorax)
-
compensation happening in metabolic acidosis?
- respiratory compensation- decreases CO2 and decrease in bicarbonate
- renal compensation increaseas bicarbonate
-
what is acidosis /alkalosis?
- acidosis- decreased neuro function
- alkalosis- spontaneous neural firing
-
compensation during respiratory alkalosis?
example
- renal compensation decreases plasma bicarbonate
- hyperventilation
-
compensation during metabolic alkalosis?
- respiratory compensation increases CO2
- renal compensation decreases bicarbonate
-
how to test for imbalances in acid base/electrolyte?
- 1) test pH if normal then electrolyte problem if not normal then look at acid base imbalances
- 2) if acid base problem based on low or high pH then check CO2 levels for respiratory problem
- if pH acidic and CO2 high = respiratory acidosis (resp system problem)
- if pH acidic and CO2 low = metabolic acidosis (other body problem)
- 3) look at pCO2
- 4) look at bicarbonate- this measures renal compensation
- 5) anion gap
-
increased anion gap means what?
decreased means ?
- increase in gap- increase in acids
- normal to decrease in gap- loss of bases or bicarbonate most common r/t to diarrhea
|
|
