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Trapezius
O - Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII
I - Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
In - Motor-accessory nerve [XI]; proprioception-C3 and C4
F - Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula
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Levator Scapulae
O - Transverse processes of CI to CIV
I - Upper portion medial border of scapula
In - C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
F - Elevates scapula
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Latissimus Dorsi
O - Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII
I - Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
In - Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)
F - Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
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Rhomboid Major
O - Spinous processes of TII to TV
I - Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle
In - Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
F - Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
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Rhomnoid Minor
O - Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI
I - Medial border of scapula at the spine of scapula
In - Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
F - Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
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Serratus Posterior Inferior
O - Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments
I - Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles
In - Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)
F - Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts
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Serratus Posterior Superior
O - Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII and supraspinous ligaments
I - Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles
In - Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)
F - Elevates ribs II to V
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External Intercostal
O - Inferior margin of rib above
I - Superior margin of rib below
In - Intercostal nerves; T1-T11
F - Most active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs superiorly
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Pectoralis Major
O -Clavicular head-anterior surface of medial half of clavicle; sternocostal head-anterior surface of sternum; first seven costal cartilages; sternal end of sixth rib; aponeurosis of external oblique
I -Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
In -Medial and lateral pectoral nerves; clavicular head [C5, C6]; sternocostal head [C6, C7, C8, T1]
F -Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint; clavicular head-flexion of extended arm; sternocostal head-extension of flexed arm
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Internal Intercostal
O -Lateral edge of costal groove of rib above
I -Superior margin of rib below deep to the attachment of the related external intercostal
In -Intercostal nerves; T1-T11
F -Most active during expiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs inferiorly
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Subclavius
O - First rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage
I -- Groove on inferior surface of middle one-third of clavicle
In -Nerve to subclavius [C5, C6]
F -Pulls tip of shoulder down; pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint
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Innermost Intercostal
O -Medial edge of costal groove of rib above
I -Internal aspect of superior margin of rib below
In -Intercostal nerves; T1-T11
F -Acts with internal intercostal muscles
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Pectoralis Minor
O - Anterior surfaces and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces
I -Coracoid process of scapula (medial border and upper surface)
In - Medial pectoral nerve [C5, C6, C7, C8, T1]
F -Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula
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Stylohyoid
O -Base of styloid process
I -Lateral area of body of hyoid bone
In -Facial nerve [VII]
F -Pulls hyoid bone upward in a posterosuperior direction
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Serratus Anterior
O -Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces
I -Costal surface of medial border of scapula
In -Long thoracic nerve [C5, C6, C7]
F -Protraction and rotation of the scapula; keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall
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Digastric-Anterior belly
O -Digastric fossa on lower inside of mandible
I - Attachment of tendon between two bellies to body of hyoid bone
In - Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3]
F -Opens mouth by lowering mandible; raises hyoid bone
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Digastric-Posterior belly
O -Mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process of temporal bone
I -Attachment of tendon between two bellies to body of hyoid bone
In -Facial nerve [VII]
F -Pulls hyoid bone upward and back
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Geniohyoid
O -Inferior mental spine on inner surface of mandible
I -Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone
In -Branch from anterior ramus of C1 (carried along the hypoglossal nerve [XII])
F -Fixed mandible elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; fixed hyoid bone pulls mandible downward and inward
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Mylohyoid
O -Mylohyoid line on mandible
I -Body of hyoid bone and fibers from muscle on opposite side
In -Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3]
F - Support and elevation of floor of mouth; elevation of hyoid
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Sternohyoid
O - Posterior aspect of sternoclavicular joint and adjacent manubrium of sternum
I -Body of hyoid bone medial to attachment of omohyoid muscle
In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
F -Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing
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Omohyoid
O -Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch
I -Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid
In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
F - Depresses and fixes hyoid bone
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Sternothyroid
O - Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum
I -Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
F -Draws larynx (thyroid cartilage) downward
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Thyrohyoid
O -Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
I -Greater horn and adjacent aspect of body of hyoid bone
In -Fibers from anterior ramus of C1 carried along hypoglossal nerve [XII]
F -Depresses hyoid bone, but when hyoid bone is fixed raises larynx
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Deltoid
O -Inferior angle of the crest of the spine of the scapula, lateral margin of acromion, anterior border of lateral one-third of clavicle
I -Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
In -Axillary nerve [C5,C6]
F -Major abductor of arm (abducts arm beyond initial 15* done by supraspinatus); clavicular fibers assist in flexing the arm; posterior fibers assist in extending the arm
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Teres Major
O -Elongate oval area on the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
I -Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus
In -Lower (inferior) subscapular nerve [C5,C6.C7]
F -Medial rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
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Supraspinatus
O -Supraspinatus Fossa
I -Most superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus
In -Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]
F -Rotator cuff muscle; initiation of abduction of arm to 15* at glenohumeral joint
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Infraspinatus
O -Infraspinatus Fossa
I -Middle facet on posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus
In -Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]
F -Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint
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Teres Minor
O -Middle part of lateral border of scapula
I -Inferior facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus
In -Axillary nerve [C5,C6]
F -Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint
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Subscapularis
O -Subscapular fossa
I -Lesser tubercle of humerus
In -Upper & lower subscapular nerves [C5,C6,C7]
F -Rotator cuff muscle; medial rotation of the arm at glenohumeral joint
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Biceps brachii
O -Long head-supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; short head-apex of coracoid process
I -Radial tuberosity
In -Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6]
F -Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm; accessory flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint
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Triceps brachii
O -Long head-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; medial & lateral heads-posterior surface of humerus
I -Olecranon
In -Radial nerve [C6,C7,C8]
F -Extension of the forearm at elbow joint. Long head can also extend & adduct the arm at glenohumeral joint
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Coracobrachialis
O -Apex of coracoid process
I -Linear roughening on midshaft of humerus on medial side
In - Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6,C7]
F -Flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint
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Brachialis
O -Anterior aspect of humerus (medial & lateral surfaces) & adjacent intermuscular septae
I -Tuberosity of ulna
In - Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6]; (small contribution by radial nerve [C7] to lateral part of muscle)
F -Powerful flexor of the forearm at elbow joint
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Brachioradialis
O -Proximal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum
I -Lateral surface of distal end of radius
In -Radial nerve [C5,C6] before division into superficial & deep branches
F -Accessory flexor of elbow joint when forearm is midpronated
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Supinator
O -Superficial part-lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral & anular ligaments; deep part-supinator crest of ulna
I -Lateral surface of radius superior to the anterior oblique line
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C6,C7]
F -Supination
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Anconeus
O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus
I -Olecranon & proximal posterior surface of ulna
In -Radial nerve [C6,C7,C8] (via branch to medial head of triceps brachii)
F -Abduction of the ulna in pronation; accessory extensor of elbow joint
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Extensor carpi ulnaris
O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & posterior border of ulna
I -Tubercle on base of the medial side of metacarpal V
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends & adducts the wrist
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
O -Distal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum
I -Dorsal surface of base of metacarpal II
In -Radial nerve [C6,C7] before division into superficial & deep branches
F -Extends and abducts the wrist
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Extensor carpi radialis brevis
O -Lateral epincondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum
I -Dorsal surface of base of metacarpals II & III
In -Deep branch of radial nerve [C7,C8] before penetrating supinator muscle
F -Extends & abducts the wrist
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Extensor digitorum
O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum & deep fascia
I -Four tendons, which insert via extensor hoods into the dorsal aspects of the bases of the middle & distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring, & little fingers
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends the index, middle, ring, & little fingers; can also extend the wrist
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Extensor indicis
O -Posterior surface of ulna (distal to extensor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane
I -Extensor hood of index finger
In -Posterior interosseus nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends index finger
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Extensor digiti minimi
O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum together with extensor digitorum
I -Extensor hood of the little finger
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends the little finger
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Abductor pollicis longus
O -Posterior surface of ulna & radius (distal to the attachments of supinator & anconeus), & intervening interosseous membrane
I -Lateral side of base of metacarpal I
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Abducts carpometacarpal joint of thumb; accessory extensor of the thumb
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Extensor pollicis longus
O -Posterior surface of ulna (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane
I -Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb
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Extensor pollicis brevis
O -Posterior surface of radius (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane
I -Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]
F -Extends interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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