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RDA is
the daily intake that meets the needs of almost all healthy individuals in a specified group
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EAR is
the basis for developing the RDA, is the intake that meets the needs of half of the individuals in the reference population
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AI is
a guideline used when not enough scientific data are available to establish an RDA
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UL is
a new guideline that sets the maximum nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose a risk of toxicity in healthy individuals
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Early observations- Vitamins were
largely discovered while searching for cures for classic diseases to be associated with dietary deficiences.
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Scurvy is
a hemorrhagic disease characterized by bleeding in joints and other tissues and by the breakdown of fragile capillaries under normal BP.
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Early Animal Experiments
1906- Dr. Frederich Hopkins of Cambridge University, group of rats a synthetic mixture of protein, fat, carbohydrate, mineral salts and water. All became ill and died.
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Era of Vitamin Discovery
Most discovered during first half of 1900s-vitamin-vital amine...
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Vitamin-2 definitions
- 1. It must be a vital, organic substance that is not a carb, fat, or protein and must be necessary in only extremely small amts.
- 2. It cannot be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities to sustain life, so it must be supplied by the diet.
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Functions of Vitamins
- 1. components of coenzymes
- 2. antioxidants
- 3. hormones that affect gene expression
- 4. a component of cell membranes
- 5. a component of the light sensitive rhodopsin molecule in the the eyes Vit.A
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Collagen is
gluelike in its capacity to add tensile strength to body structures.
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Ascorbic
means without scurvy
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Fat Soluble Vitamins is
intestinal cells absorb fat soluble vitamins with fat and incorporate both the fat and fat soluble vitamins into chylomicrons
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Water soluble Vitamins is
intestinal cells easily absorb water soluble vitamins.
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Vitamin A (Retinol) - Fat Soluble Vitamins
- Functions in the body
- a. vision
- b. tissue strength and immunity- help maintain healthy epithelial tissue
- c. growth- retinoic acid and retinol
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Vitamin A Requirements
- 1. preformed A or provitamin A
- 2. its storage in the body
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Vitamin A- Food Forms and Units of Measure
- 1. preformed vitamin A or retinol is the active vitamin found in foods derived from animals.
- 2. Provitamin A or beta carotene, is a pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables that the human body can convert to retinol.
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Retinol is
the chemical name of Vitmain A.
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Carotenoids is
organic pigments found in the plant
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Carotene is
a group name for three red and yellow pigments found in dark green and yellow vegetables and fruit.
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Body Storage- Liver
- can store large amts of retinol.
- 1. healthy- liver stores more than 50% of ingested retinol and contains approx. 90% of the bodys total store.
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Deficiency Disease- Adequate Vitamin A
- 1. Xerosis - itching, burning and red inflamed eyelids
- 2. Xerophthalmia or blindess caused by severe
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Hypervitaminosis is
condition created by ecessive vitamin a intake, includes joint pain, thickening of long bones, loss of hair, and jaundice.
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Vitamin A- Food Source
fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter and cream
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Retinol is
unstable when exposed to heat and oxygen.
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