Biology Test 3

• innermost tissue layer
• all nutrients must cross it to enter the blood

layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

2 or 3 layers of smooth muscles responsible for mvoement in GI tract

• outermost layer of the GI tract wall
• connective tissue that surrounds and protects other layers

chewing, mixing, and propelling

fluid, digestive enzymes, hormones, bile, acid, alkali, mucus are secreted into the GI Tract.

contents of lumen are broken down into the smallest absorbable units

through mucosa into blood or lymph vessels

Undigested material is eliminated form the body

food chewed into a mass

• propels food down the GI tract by wave like muscle contractions
• mainly in esophagus
• 

• mixes food by muscles contracting and relaxing
• mainly in small intestine
• 

• begins digestion
• -teeth
• - tongue
• - saliva

• delivers food to stomach
• voluntary phase: tongue pushes bolus of food into pharynx
• involuntary phase: receptors in pharynx stimulated by presence of food

closes opening to trachea

• common passage way for air, liquid, and food
• participates in swallowing

• connects pharynx to stomach
• mix of smooth and skeletal muscles

when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm

• food storage
• digestion
• regulates food flow
• does not absorb nutrients

blended food

2-6 hours

• digestion: adds enzymes and bile
• breaksdown carbohydrates, protiens and lipids
• 95% of absorption happens here

about 11 feet

area of most digestion

folds covered with villi and microvilli give more surface area

contain blood and lacteal capillaries, which take in small water soluble nutrients and lipids, respectivly.

secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

produces bile and emulsifies fats

carries nutirent rich blood from the digestive tract for processing (in liver)

• stores bile
• secretions are sent to the duodenum

5 feet

• absorbs some nutrients and water
• eliminates waste
• NO digestion

indigestible material, bacteria

due to stretch as feces enter the rectum

• often due to bacteria infection
• too little water is absorbed

waste remains too long in th large intestine causeing too much water to be absorbed

• difficulty in digesting lactose in milk products
• Doug

• mucosa sacs protrude through layers of the large intestine
• may become inflamed or infected

• non cancerous growth from colon mucosa
• ususally removed because they can become cancerous over time, ie. colon cancer

• inflammation of the liver
• Mom's friend

too much cholesterol in bile

open sores in the stomach or small intestine

• inflammatory disorder that damages the intestinal lining
• Lauren

• abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation
• effects smooth muscle's ability to move feces through colon
• Becky

• excessive dieting and exercise leads to lower weight than the ideal
• Paris Hilton

• binge and purge
• damage teeth, rupture stomach
• Lindsy Lohan

regulates: water levels, nitrogenous and other solute waste

principle organ; filters blood to produce urine

outside layer of the kidney

pyramid shaped muscles; inner layer of kidney

where urin collects after it is formed

transprot urine to the bladder by peristalsis

stores urine

600-1000mL

carries urine from body; two sphincters

• funcitonal unit that produces urine
• 1 million per kidney

filter fluid and reabsorb needed substances

surrounds a network of capillaries

blood supply of the nephron; contained inside bowman's capsule

• based on pressure difference
• filters water, and small solutes into glomerular capsule
• filtrate is formed

returns most of the water and needed solutes back to the blood

removes other substances form blood back to tubules

• regulation of chemical levels in body
• excretion of harmful chemicals

• penicillin
• cocaine
• mary jane
• pesticides
• preservatives
• H ions
• ammonium

excreting excess water when Anti-diuretic hormone is absent and reabsorption of salt without reabsorption of water

conserving water due to increased anti-diuretic hormone

as bladder fills, stretching occurs, and sphincters come into play

• minerals in urine crystallize in renal pelvis
• can be surgically removed or crushed with ultrasonic shock waves

presence of microbes in urine or an infection in any part of the urinary system

conditions that impair kidney functions temporarily

sac, regulates temperature of testes

produce sperm and testosterone

• conveys urine and sperm
• erectile tissue; functions in sexual intercourse

secretes fructose, seminal fluid

secretes watery alkaline fluid; neutralizes acidic vagina

• secretes lubricating mucus
• cleanses urethra

• release eggs
• secrete estrogen and progesterone

an oocytes

• fallopian tube
• uterine tube

• fringed ends to receive egg
• is not connected to ovary

the hallow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg grows and develops

• innermost layer of uterus
• site where fertilized egg implants
• sloughs off during menstrual flow

• smooth muscle
• expands during pregnancy
• constricts during labor

• opening to the uterus
• permits sperm to enter the uterus
• allows the fetus to exit during birth

• organ of sexual intercourse
• birth canal

vulva including labia majora and labia minora

female erectile tissue

• mammary gland
• 100s of milk producing lobules; ducts; adipose tissue
• lactation

undergo changes due to hormones at puberty, during and after pregnancy

milk production, estrogen and progesterone influence

in seminiferous tubules it undergoes cell division by mitosis and meosis

• 23 (N)
• half than normal cells

• Spermatogonia 2N
• primary spermatocyte 2N
• secondary spermatocyte N
• sermatids N
• sperm N

• head containing DNA
• acrosome with enzymes (tip of head)
• tail with mitochondria

• to epididymis
• to vas (ductus) deferens
• ejaculatory duct
• urethra

• made by interstitial/Leydig cells between seminiferous tubules
• controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues
• stimulates aggression, sexual behavior and secondary sexual characteristics

involved in production and secretion of testosterone

• every 28 days
• under hormone control
• begins at puberty

• ovarian cycle
• uterine cycle

about 1 million, which are stored in the ovary

only 300,000 (most are absorbed)

• several begin development
• usually only 1 completes this process

• Immature follicle of 1 oocyte develops, FSH and LH increase
• zona pellucida around oocyte
• antrum space develops, some estrogen and progesterone secreted
• 2 oocyte and polar body produced, follicle matures
• increased estrogen causes surge of LH, ovulation occurs--> follicle ruptures to realse 2 oocyte
• corpus luteum formed from follicle