State two components that make up intervertebral disks?
nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus
The "blank" are extentsions of the pia mater: they attach to the dura mater to prevent movement of the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
denticulate ligaments
the two "blank project from the vertebral body to meet with two laminae that continue posterior and medial to from the "blank" process.
pedicles, spinous
The conus medullaris is located approximately at the level of what?
L1
There are how many pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord?
31
What muscle group is considered the chief extensor of teh vertebralcolumn?
erector spinae muscle group
Which ligaments join the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches to help preserve the normal curvature of the spine?
ligamentum flava
Describe the cervical plexus and list major motor branch.
the cervical plexuses arises from the venral rami of C1-C4 to innervate the muscles of the neck and should. The major motor branch of the cervical plexuses is the phrenic nerve. the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and is formed by C4 and C5 motor fibers.
Which veins drain the vertebral bodies?
Basivertebral veins
Describe the costal faceets of the thoracic vertebra.
the costal facets are located on the body and transverse process, which articulate with the ribs. the head of the rib articulates with the vertebral bodies at the costovertebral joints and the tubercle of the ribs articulates with the transvers processes at the costotranverse joints.
The thyroid is located at the level of what?
circoid cartilidge
What cartilidge forms the base of the larynx?
circoid
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharynx
Briefly discribe the valleculae and why it is important?
pouchlike openings on each side of the tongue/epiglottis where common site for foreign objects to be within the neck
The vertebral artery originates from which?
subclavian
the external jugular veins drain into the "blank" veins on either side of the neck?
subclavian
Describe the carotid shealth.
compartment that encloses the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and assoiciated lyph nodes and vagus nerve
the esophagus enters the abdomen thu which opening?
esphogeal hiatus
What are some typical characteristic of the thyroid gland?
Axially it appears wedge shaped positioned close to the trachea, located at the level of teh cricoid cartiliage, produces hormones assoiciated with the regulation of metabolic rates
In the neck, the external carotid is anterior to the internal carotid artery. T/F
T
Symmetry is not important in lookin at images of the neck.T/F
T
The organs of teh neck are attatched to one another by connective tissue. T/F
T
The trachea appears hyperlucent on CT axial images. T/F
T
What is the bifurcation of the trachea called?
carina
What is the function of the esophagus?
allows food to travel from the mouth to the stomach
describe the common carotid arteries?
bifurcate at C3/4, are medial to the veins, are smaller than the veins
spinal nerve connections to the spinal cord that only contain motor axons
ventral root
holes in the transverse process of the cervical (except for C1) for the passage of vertebral blood vessels
vertebral foramina
T/F: the esophagus is posterior to the trachea
true
When does the pharynx divide into the trachea and esphagus
C3/C6
u shaped bone in neck
hyoid
vertebral prominence
c7
costovertebral joint
thoracic vertebrea
salivary gland found beneath the tounge
sublingual
adams apple
thyroid cartilidge
blood returing from the brain along with cerebrals spinal fluids goes into the dural sinus and then into the internal jugular veins
true
is the thyroid gland inferior or superior to the thyroid cartilage
inferior
the odontoid is actually from the body of c1
true
axially the spinal cord resibles?
an H
what ligament of the spines lies inside the vertebral canal
posterior longitudinal ligament
mri is the best thing to visualize fractures in the c spine
false
T/F symmetry is important when looking at images of the neck
true
the organs of the neck are attached to one another by connecting tissue?
true
what is the function of the esophagus?
for food to travel from the neck to the stomach
small masses of lymphoids
tonsils
describe the costal facets of the vertbrea
located on the body and tranverse process of the thoracic vertebrea which articulate with the ribs. the head of the rib articulates with the vertebral bodies at the costovertebral joints articulate and the tubercles of the ribs articulate with the transverse process of teh costotransverse joint
small opening in the central of the spinal cord; contains cerebral spinal fluid
central canal
3 of the 4 fused bones and the distal end of the vertebral column AKA the tailbone
coccyx
muscle in floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from the transverse process to C3 to C6 vertebrea to the first rib
anterior scalene muscle
holes or spaces formed from inferior and superior vertebral notches for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels
intervertebral foramina
Nerve plexus between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the neck that is derived from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 through T1
Brachial plexus
Odontoid process; upward projecting process on the second cervical vertebra
Dens
Major supporting ligament of the vertebral column; extends along the anterior surface of vertebral bodies from C1 to the sacrum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Articular surfaces on the bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae for articulation with ribs
Costal facets
Prominent ridge on the visceral surface of the first segment of the sacrum; marks the beginning of the true pelvis
Sacral promontory
Muscle that extends from cervical vertebrae to the medial border of the scapula and elevates the scapula
Levator scapulae muscle
Posterior projection from the laminae of vertebrae
Spinous process
Vessel that arises from the subclavian artery and ascends the neck within the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae then passes through the foramen magnum to supply oxygenated blood to the posterior portion of the brain
Vertebral artery
Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles associated with the vertebral column; includes the iliocostalis, the longissimus, and the spinalis muscles
Erector spinae muscles
Concave surface on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles on vertebrae; the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae meet to form intervertebral foramina that transmit spinal nerves and blood vessels
Vertebral notch
The tapered distal end of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
Cordlike extension of pia mater that extends to the coccyx and is anchored there
Filum terminale
Collection of spinal nerves that extend beyond the conus medullaris at the distal end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
A thin layer or flat plate
lamina
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral regions of gray matter in the spinal cord; contain the terminal portions of sensory neurons, entire interneurons, and dendrites and cell bodies of motor neurons
horn of gray matter in spinal cord
Short bands of elastic fibers that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
ligamentum flava
Articulation between the sacrum and the ilium
SI joint
The fibrous outer part of the intervertebral disc
Anulus fibrosus
Fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae in the vertebral column
Intervertebral disc
Nerve plexus that is derived from the ventral rami of cervical nerves C1 through C4
cervical plexus
Superiorly and inferiorly directed projections from the vertebral arch; inferior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the superior articular processes of the next vertebra
articular processes
Peripheral nerves that arise from each segment of the spinal cord; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves-8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
spinal nerves
Three vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the spinal cord; one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries
spinal arteries
Network of nerve fibers formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves L4, L5, and S1 through S4; branches innervate the external genitalia, pelvic diaphragm, posterior thigh, leg, and foot
sacral plexus
Nerve plexus that arises from the ventral rami of the first four lumbar segments of the spinal cord; formed within the psoas major muscle
lumbar plexus
Central opening in a vertebra formed by the body anteriorly and the vertebral arch posteriorly; surrounds the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
Upward projecting process on the second cervical vertebra, also called dens
odontoid proces
Posterior curved portion of a vertebra; formed by the transverse processes, the spinous process, the pedicles, and laminae, and the superior and inferior articular processes
vertebral arch
Anteriorly convex curve of the vertebral column in the neck region; develops after birth
cervical curvature
Lateral projections from vertebrae
transverse processes
Second cervical vertebra
axis
Openings in the lateral masses of the sacrum for the passage of nerves
sacral foramina
Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments from C7 to the occipital bone
ligamentum nuchea
One of the muscles in the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from cervical vertebrae to the second rib and elevates the rib
posterior scalene muscle
First cervical vertebra
atlas
One of the muscles in the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from the cervical vertebrae to the first rib and elevates the rib
middle scalene muscle
Spinal nerve connection to the spinal cord that contains only motor axons
ventral root
An enlargement in the dorsal root of spinal nerves that contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons
dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve connection to the spinal cord; contains only sensory nerve fibers
dorsal root
Superior portion of the vertebral column; characterized by bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina
cervical vertebrea
The inner portion of an intervertebral disc; surrounded by the annulus fibrosus
nucleus polposa
One of the major supporting ligament of the vertebral column; extends along the posterior surface of vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal, from C1 to the sacrum
