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Explain the size of bacteria
- bacteria are very small compared to cells with a nucleus
- not as small as viruses, but very tiny
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How many bacteria on average are on clean skin?
- 20 million
- --->many of the bacteria are good though
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What is the evolution/classification of bacteria?
- very fit- can survive a great deal
- most numerous organisms on earth
- most ancient organisms
- microscopic prokaryotes
- evolution has yeilded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can
- different groups
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What are the groups of bacteria and what are they based on?
- Eubacteria: germs/disease causing bacteria
- Archaebacteria: good bacteria
- groups based on structure, physiology, molecular composition, reaction to specific types of stain
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What are the three basic shapes of eubacteria?
- Bacilli: rod-shaped
- Spirilla: spiral-shaped
- Cocci: sphere shaped
- Sperillium: corkscrew shape (extra)
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What are the arrangements of the bacteria? And Examples
- Staphylococci: grape like clusters (ex: common infections such as cuts)
- Streptococci: in chains (ex: strep throat)
- Diplo-bacteria: occur in pairs (ex: gonnarrhea)
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Know Drawing of bacteria cells. Btw, where is the DNA in a bacteria cell?
DNA in cytoplasm, no nucleus in bacteria cell
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In terms of food, Eubacteria can be....
- Heterotrophic: eat other things for food
- Autotrophic: make their own energy using sunlight (however bacteria cells don't have chloroplasts)
- Chemoautotrophs: get their food/energy from chemicals
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In terms of oxygen, Eubacteria can be...
- Obligate Anaerobes
- Faculatative Anaerobes
- Obligate Aerobes
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What are Obligate Anaerobes? Examples?
- Bacteria that will die if they are exposed to oxygen
- --->ex. Clostridium Tetani- Tetanus
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What are Faculatative Anaerobes? Example?
- Bacteria that can live with or without oxygen
- --->Escherichia Coli- E Coli
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What are Obligate Aerobes? Examples?
- Bacteria that need Oxygen to live
- --->ex. Tuberculosis- lives in the lungs
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What are the temperature requirements of Eubacteria?
- Some are thermophillic (like heat)
- Some prefer an acidic environment
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What are pathogenic bacteria?
disease causing bacteria
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Examples of pathogenic bacteria?
- helicobacter pylori
- leprocy
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What is Helicobacter Pylori?
- the pathogenic bacteria that causes ulcers
- ---> stress can increase ulcers, but doesn't cause them
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What is Leprocy?
a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of the toes, ears, nose, and fingers
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What are some other bacterial diseases?
- Botulism (can be gotten from bad canning foods)
- Cholera: severe diarrhea- get it from bad drinking water
- Dental Cavities/Carriers
- Rocky Mountian Spotted Fever- get it from a tick
- Lyme Disease- can be serious if not treated- get it from tick
- Salmonella
- Strep Throat
- Tuberuclosis
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How are some bacteria useful?
- producing and processing food
- breaking down dead organic material
- make unripened cheese like ricotta and gottage by breaking down the protien in milk
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What is Gram Negative
- type of bacteria
- has a thin peptidoglycin in between 2 bilayers
- one type of cell wall
- has an LPS lipid
- stains pink
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What is Gram Positive?
- Has a thick peptidoglycin above one bilayer
- different type of cell wall than gram negative
- has no LPS lipid
- stains purple
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What is Endotoxin?
Example?
- The bacteria that does the destroying
- ex. menengitis
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What is Exotoxin? Example?
- Bacteria that produces a toxin/poison that causes the disease
- ex. Botulism and Diptheria
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What is Typhoid Fever?
A common worldwide illness that mainly affects your digestive system
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What are some other names for Typhoid?
- the evergreen enteric fever
- gastric fever
- The bends
- Abdominal typhus
- Infantile remittent fever
- Slow fever
- Nervous fever
- Pathogenic fever
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What are the characteristics of typhoid?
- Gram negative
- Facultative anaerobe bacilli
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What is the epidemiology of typhoid?
- With an estimated 16-33 million cases annually resulting in 216,000 deaths in endemic area
- Still common in poor countries
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How is Typhoid fever transmitted?
Mostly transmitted when a person eats food or drinks beverages that have been handled by a person shedding the salmonella tyhi bacteria. The bacteria are also transmitted when sewage contaminated with salmonella typhi get into water used for drinking and washing food. - Flying insects feeding on feces may occasionally transfer the bacteria through poor hygene habits and public sanitation conditions
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Where is typhoid fever transmission most common?
Areas of the developing world including parts of Asia, Africa and latin America
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What is the Pathology of Typhoid? (What happens when you get it?)
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What is the first stage of Typhoid fever?
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Test for salmonella in the blood
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What happens in stage two or the second week of typhoid infection?
Bradycardia- slowing of the heartbeat Delirium is frequent Rose spots Spleen and liver begin to be enlarged Diarrhea can occur Widal reaction is strongly positive Bacteria begins to eat away at your intestine
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What happens at stage or week three of infection with typhoid?
Number of complications may arrive Intestinal hemorrhaging (bleeding) Intestinal perforation Encephalitis- brain swelling Metastatic Abscesses
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What is Intestinal perforation?
Macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria In other words, bacteria are eating holes through your intestine and macrophages try to eat the bacteria but fail because theres too much
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What are Metastatic Abscesses?
Bloody infections on your skin that you start to get all over your body
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What happens during the fourth stage/week of typhoid infection?
Symptoms become worse Death
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What is the diagnosis of typhoid fever?
Made up by…. -àblood -àbone marrow -àstool cultures -àthe widal test
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What is the treatment of Typhoid fever?
The discovery of oral rehydration therepy provided a simple way to prevent many of the deaths and diarrheal diseases in general, because the diarrhea dehydrates you Treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin
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How many vaccinations are there against typhoid fever? What are they?
Currently 2 vaccinations recommended by the world health organization to prevent typhoid 1. The live, oral Ty21a vaccine- sold as Vivotif Berna 2. The injectable Typhoid Polysaccharide vaccine
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How can you prevent Typhoid?
Sanitation and hygene are the critical measures that can be taken to prevent Typhoid can only spread in environments where human feces/urine are able to come into contact with food/beverages Careful food preparation and handwashing
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A disease that mainly affects the nerves
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Explain the organism that causes botulism?
Clostridium Botulinum- name Gram Pos Obligate anaerobe bacillis- rodshape that will die around oxygen Spores Ubiquitous- they are everywhere Resistant to heat, light, drying, and radiation Specific conditions for germination
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What are the conditions that Clostridium Botulinum needs to germinate?
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Whatt does Clostridium Botulinum release?
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An exotoxin that affects your nerves
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How many different types of neurotoxins are there? Explain
7: A-G Different types affect different species All cause flaccid paralysis Only a few nanograms can cause illness Binds neuromuscular junctions- blocks acetylcholine, a messanger that makes your skeletal muscles work
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What is the exotoxin-toxin?
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Which neruotoxins affect humans?
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Who discovered Botulism? When? Where did he discover it?
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What is Botulus Latin for?
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Who was Emile Von Ermengem?
In 1895 he isolated the organism during a Belgium outbreak
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What did US botulism outbreaks lead to?
Improved Industry Processing
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How is Botulism Tranmitted?
Ingestion of the organism, spores, or neurotoxin Wound contamination Inhalation Person to person is not documented Some heroin addicts get it from needle contamination
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What are the types of botulism?
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When the bacteria gets into an open wound- rarest form of botulism Develops under anaerobic conditions From ground in dirt or gravel Does not penetrate the skin Associated with addicts of black tar heroine
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Infants under one (94% under 6 months) usually get it from eating honey, food, dust, corn syrup Most common in US Spore ingestion- spores germinate then toxin released and colonize in L. Intestine
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What is Foodbourne Botulism?
Preformed toxin ingested from contaminated food Most common from home canned foods such as asparagus, green beans, beets, corn, baked potatoes, garlic, chile peppers - type a Improperly fermented fish (Alaska)- type E
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What is the Epidemiology of Botulism?
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What is the fatality rate?
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What is the infective dose for Botulism?
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What and When was the largest botulism outbreak?
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What other state is associated with botulism? Explain.
- Alaska
- 27% of US foodborne botulism cases
- 1950-2000 -226 cases from 114 outbreaks
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What are the Adult Clinical signs of Botulism?
Nausea, Vommitting Diarrhea Double vision (separates from other similar diseases) Difficulty speaking/ swallowing Descending weakness or paralysis -àshoulders to arms to thights to calves Respiratory Muscle paralysis
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What are the Infant Clinical Signs of Botulism?
Constipation Lethargy Poor feeding Weak cry Bulbar palsies Failure to thrive
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What is the Diagnosis of Botulism
Clinical signs may show it Toxin in serum, stool, suspected food Culture of stool or gastric aspirate can be used but takes 5-7 days for result Electromyography – testing of muscles Mouse Neutralization test- results in 48 hours
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What is the treatment for Botulism?
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Explain Botulinum anti toxin
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Works to relax the contraction of muscles by blocking nerve impulses
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What is the result of Botox?
Muscles that can no longer contract, causing wrinkles to relax and soften
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How long does it take to see cosmetic improvement for botox?
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How long do the effects of botox last?
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How can Humans prevent botulism?
Don’t feed honey to kids under 1 Proper food preservation methods -àproper time, temp and pressure- 80 degrees for 30 mins and 100 degrees for 10 mins Prompt refrigeration of food Boil foods for more than 10 mins Decontamination
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How is botulism a potential bioterrorism threat?
Aum Shinriky cult tried to do it Extremely potent and lethal Its easily produced and transported
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What are signs of deliberate aerosol or foodbourne releases of toxin? (signs that someone is trying to use botulism for terrorism)
No common source Large number of cases clustered Uncommon toxin type (C,D,F,G)
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What is the point source aerosol release? (what could it do if used for terrorism?)
Encapaciate or kill 10% of persons within .5 km downwind
CDC surveillance system for prompt detection of botulism related events
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Penicillin?
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- targets gram positive bacteria
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Ampicillin
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- targets a broad spectrum of bacteria
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Bacitracin
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- targets gram positive bacteria
- is a skin ointment
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Cephalosporin
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- Targets Gram positve bacteria
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Tetrcycline
- Inhibits Protien Synthesis
- targets a broad spectrum of bacteria
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Streptomycin
- Inhibits Protien Synthesis
- Targets gram negative tuberculosis bacteria
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Sulfa Drug
- Inhibits cell matabolism
- targets bacterial meningitis, and UTI
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Rifampin
- Inhibits RNA Synthesis
- Target mostly gram pos bacteria some gram neg
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Quinolines
- Inhibits DNA Synthesis
- Targets UTI
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Botulism
- Clostridium Botulinum
- affects nerves
- transmitted by improperly preserved food
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Cholera
- Vibrio Cholerae
- affects intestine
- transmitted through contaminated water
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Dental Caries
- Streptococcus Mutans, sanguis, salivarious
- affects teeth
- transmitted by environment to mouth
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Gonorrhea
- Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Affects Urethra andd fallopian tubes
- got by sex
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Lyme Disease
- Berrelia Burgdorferi
- afects skin and joints
- tick bite gives you it
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Rocky Mountian Spotted Fever
- Rickettsia Reckesii
- affects blood skin
- tick
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Salmonella
- Salmonella is pathogen
- Afects intestine
- contamiated food and watr
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Strep Throat
- Streptococcs Pyogenes
- URT blood and skin affected
- sneezes coughs,etc transmit
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Tetanus
- Costridium Tetani
- affects nerves
- contaminated wounds
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Tb
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- affects lungs and bones
- coughs transmit
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