Bacteria

• bacteria are very small compared to cells with a nucleus
• not as small as viruses, but very tiny

• 20 million
• --->many of the bacteria are good though

• very fit- can survive a great deal
• most numerous organisms on earth
• most ancient organisms
• microscopic prokaryotes
• evolution has yeilded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can
• different groups

• Eubacteria: germs/disease causing bacteria
• Archaebacteria: good bacteria
• groups based on structure, physiology, molecular composition, reaction to specific types of stain

• Bacilli: rod-shaped
• Spirilla: spiral-shaped
• Cocci: sphere shaped
• Sperillium: corkscrew shape (extra)

• Staphylococci: grape like clusters (ex: common infections such as cuts)
• Streptococci: in chains (ex: strep throat)
• Diplo-bacteria: occur in pairs (ex: gonnarrhea)

DNA in cytoplasm, no nucleus in bacteria cell

• Heterotrophic: eat other things for food
• Autotrophic: make their own energy using sunlight (however bacteria cells don't have chloroplasts)
• Chemoautotrophs: get their food/energy from chemicals

• Obligate Anaerobes
• Faculatative Anaerobes
• Obligate Aerobes

• Bacteria that will die if they are exposed to oxygen
• --->ex. Clostridium Tetani- Tetanus

• Bacteria that can live with or without oxygen
• --->Escherichia Coli- E Coli

• Bacteria that need Oxygen to live
• --->ex. Tuberculosis- lives in the lungs

• Some are thermophillic (like heat)
• Some prefer an acidic environment

disease causing bacteria

• helicobacter pylori
• leprocy

• the pathogenic bacteria that causes ulcers
• ---> stress can increase ulcers, but doesn't cause them

a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of the toes, ears, nose, and fingers

• Botulism (can be gotten from bad canning foods)
• Cholera: severe diarrhea- get it from bad drinking water
• Dental Cavities/Carriers
• Rocky Mountian Spotted Fever- get it from a tick
• Lyme Disease- can be serious if not treated- get it from tick
• Salmonella
• Strep Throat
• Tuberuclosis

• producing and processing food
• breaking down dead organic material
• make unripened cheese like ricotta and gottage by breaking down the protien in milk

• type of bacteria
• has a thin peptidoglycin in between 2 bilayers
• one type of cell wall
• has an LPS lipid
• stains pink

• Has a thick peptidoglycin above one bilayer
• different type of cell wall than gram negative
• has no LPS lipid
• stains purple

• The bacteria that does the destroying
• ex. menengitis

• Bacteria that produces a toxin/poison that causes the disease
• ex. Botulism and Diptheria

A common worldwide illness that mainly affects your digestive system

• the evergreen enteric fever
• gastric fever
• The bends
• Abdominal typhus
• Infantile remittent fever
• Slow fever
• Nervous fever
• Pathogenic fever

• Gram negative
• Facultative anaerobe bacilli

• With an estimated 16-33 million cases annually resulting in 216,000 deaths in endemic area
• Still common in poor countries

• Mostly transmitted when a person eats food or drinks beverages that have been handled by a person shedding the salmonella tyhi bacteria.

• The bacteria are also transmitted when sewage contaminated with salmonella typhi get into water used for drinking and washing food.

• Flying insects feeding on feces may occasionally transfer the bacteria through poor hygene habits and public sanitation conditions

Areas of the developing world including parts of Asia, Africa and latin America

• Slowly progressive fever as high as 104 degrees f (40 degrees c)

• Profuse sweating

• Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the Digestive tract

• Nonbloody diarrhea

• Untreated has 4 stages

• Week one

• Bloody nose

• A slowly rising temp

• Leucopenia- decrease in WBCs

• The classic widal test is negative

Test for salmonella in the blood

• Bradycardia- slowing of the heartbeat

• Delirium is frequent

• Rose spots

• Spleen and liver begin to be enlarged

• Diarrhea can occur

• Widal reaction is strongly positive

• Bacteria begins to eat away at your intestine

• Number of complications may arrive

• Intestinal hemorrhaging (bleeding)

• Intestinal perforation

• Encephalitis- brain swelling

• Metastatic Abscesses

• Macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria

• In other words, bacteria are eating holes through your intestine and macrophages try to eat the bacteria but fail because theres too much

Bloody infections on your skin that you start to get all over your body

• Symptoms become worse

• Death

• Made up by….

• -àblood

• -àbone marrow

• -àstool cultures

• -àthe widal test

• The discovery of oral rehydration therepy provided a simple way to prevent many of the deaths and diarrheal diseases in general, because the diarrhea dehydrates you

• Treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin

• Currently 2 vaccinations recommended by the world health organization to prevent typhoid

• 1. The live, oral Ty21a vaccine- sold as Vivotif Berna

• 2. The injectable Typhoid Polysaccharide vaccine

• Sanitation and hygene are the critical measures that can be taken to prevent

• Typhoid can only spread in environments where human feces/urine are able to come into contact with food/beverages

• Careful food preparation and handwashing

A disease that mainly affects the nerves

• Clostridium Botulinum- name

• Gram Pos

• Obligate anaerobe bacillis- rodshape that will die around oxygen

• Spores

• Ubiquitous- they are everywhere

• Resistant to heat, light, drying, and radiation

• Specific conditions for germination

• They almost like hibernate

• Don’t need anything and can lie almost dorman and can later replicate and become dangerous when germinating

• Anaerobic (non oxygen) condidions

• Warmth- 10-50 degrees C

• Mild alkalinity or acidity

Neurotoxins

An exotoxin that affects your nerves

• 7: A-G

• Different types affect different species

• All cause flaccid paralysis

• Only a few nanograms can cause illness

• Binds neuromuscular junctions- blocks acetylcholine, a messanger that makes your skeletal muscles work

Destroyed by boiling

• Need higher temps to be inactive

• Harder to kill then the toxins released

A, B, E, and F

• 1793- Justinius Kerner discovered it in cow stomach being used to store meat

• He was nicknamed wurstgift

Sausage

In 1895 he isolated the organism during a Belgium outbreak

Improved Industry Processing

• Ingestion of the organism, spores, or neurotoxin

• Wound contamination

• Inhalation

• Person to person is not documented

• Some heroin addicts get it from needle contamination

• Wound

• Foodbourne

• Infant

• When the bacteria gets into an open wound- rarest form of botulism

• Develops under anaerobic conditions

• From ground in dirt or gravel

• Does not penetrate the skin

• Associated with addicts of black tar heroine

• Infants under one (94% under 6 months) usually get it from eating honey, food, dust, corn syrup

• Most common in US

• Spore ingestion- spores germinate then toxin released and colonize in L. Intestine

• Preformed toxin ingested from contaminated food

• Most common from home canned foods such as asparagus, green beans, beets, corn, baked potatoes, garlic, chile peppers - type a

• Improperly fermented fish (Alaska)- type E

• In US, average of 110 cases per year

• Appx 25% foodbourne

• Appx 72% infant form

• Appx 3% wound form

5%-10%

A few nanograms

• 1977

• Michigan- 59ppl- 10% died

• Poorly preserved jalepino peppers

• Alaska
• 27% of US foodborne botulism cases
• 1950-2000 -226 cases from 114 outbreaks

• Nausea, Vommitting Diarrhea

• Double vision (separates from other similar diseases)

• Difficulty speaking/ swallowing

• Descending weakness or paralysis

• -àshoulders to arms to thights to calves

• Respiratory Muscle paralysis

• Constipation

• Lethargy

• Poor feeding

• Weak cry

• Bulbar palsies

• Failure to thrive

• Clinical signs may show it

• Toxin in serum, stool, suspected food

• Culture of stool or gastric aspirate can be used but takes 5-7 days for result

• Electromyography – testing of muscles

• Mouse Neutralization test- results in 48 hours

• Hospitalized

• If it gets to stage 3 you may be on a ventilator for respiratory failure

• Botulinum anti-toxin

• Botulism immune globulin- infant cases of type a

• Derived from equine source (horses)

• CDC distributes it

• Used on a case by case basis

Works to relax the contraction of muscles by blocking nerve impulses

Muscles that can no longer contract, causing wrinkles to relax and soften

2-4 days

• 4-6 months

• Most patients require retreatment to remove wrinkles and after each injections the wrinkles are less and less severe as the muscles are trained to relax

• Don’t feed honey to kids under 1

• Proper food preservation methods

• -àproper time, temp and pressure- 80 degrees for 30 mins and 100 degrees for 10 mins

• Prompt refrigeration of food

• Boil foods for more than 10 mins

• Decontamination

• Where you boil suspected food before discarding

• Boil or chlorine disinfect utensils used

• Aum Shinriky cult tried to do it

• Extremely potent and lethal

• Its easily produced and transported

• No common source

• Large number of cases clustered

• Uncommon toxin type (C,D,F,G)

Encapaciate or kill 10% of persons within .5 km downwind

CDC surveillance system for prompt detection of botulism related events

• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• targets gram positive bacteria

• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• targets a broad spectrum of bacteria

• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• targets gram positive bacteria
• is a skin ointment

• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Targets Gram positve bacteria

• Inhibits Protien Synthesis
• targets a broad spectrum of bacteria

• Inhibits Protien Synthesis
• Targets gram negative tuberculosis bacteria

• Inhibits cell matabolism
• targets bacterial meningitis, and UTI

• Inhibits RNA Synthesis
• Target mostly gram pos bacteria some gram neg

• Inhibits DNA Synthesis
• Targets UTI

:)

• Clostridium Botulinum
• affects nerves
• transmitted by improperly preserved food

• Vibrio Cholerae
• affects intestine
• transmitted through contaminated water

• Streptococcus Mutans, sanguis, salivarious
• affects teeth
• transmitted by environment to mouth

• Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
• Affects Urethra andd fallopian tubes
• got by sex

• Berrelia Burgdorferi
• afects skin and joints
• tick bite gives you it

• Rickettsia Reckesii
• affects blood skin
• tick

• Salmonella is pathogen
• Afects intestine
• contamiated food and watr

• Streptococcs Pyogenes
• URT blood and skin affected
• sneezes coughs,etc transmit

• Costridium Tetani
• affects nerves
• contaminated wounds

• Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
• affects lungs and bones
• coughs transmit