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an interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region

the physical structure and organization of cities

the social and demographic composition of city districts and neighbourhoods

the way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behaviour fostered by urban settings.

a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation

a city that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural lives

cities that were deliberately established or developed as administrative or commerial centres by colonial or imperial power

settlements in which certain products and services are available to consumers

a theory that seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behaviors

the maximum distance that consumers will normally travel to obtain a particular product or service

the minimum market size required to make the sale of a particular product or service profitable

a statistical regularity in city size distributions of countries and regions

a condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second- and third largest cities in that system

the functional dominance of cities within an urban sysyem

very large cities characterized by high centrality within their national economy

economic activities that take place beyond official record and are not subject to formalized systems of regulation or remuneration

set of manufacturing processing, trading, or service activities that serve markets beyond the city

economic activities that provide income from sales to customers beyond city limits

economic activities that serve a city's own population

the process by which the economic growth of a city enables it to attain a position of national dominance and in so doing creates the geographical structure of a metropolis and hinterland

the net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas

a condition in which cities grow more rapidly that the jobs and housing they can sustain