Anatomy - Exam 3.txt

What are the general functions of the Nervous System?

What does the CNS contol?

What does the PNS control?

What kind of myellin sheeth does the CNS have?

What kind of myellin sheeth does the PNS have?

Responses travel down different _________ (from stimuli)

What are the brain and spinal cord protected by?

Where is the CNS centralized?

What functions does the CNS play a part in?

Where is the PNS centralized?

What are the Peripheral nerves?

What are the two types of peripheral ganglia?

What are ganglia?

______________ division brings sensory info FROM receptors

______________ division carries motor commands TO effectors

Neurons don't __________ they only form new _____________

What are nerve cells (neurons)

Neuroglia (glial cells) are _________ cells NOT ______

In the PNS, glial cells are:

Schwann Cells are responsible for:

In the CNS, glial cells are:

What role do astrocytes play

For the PNS, _________ are responsible for the collection of nerve cell processes (fibers) for transmission of information.

For the CNS, _________ are responsible for the collection of nerve cell processes (fibers) for transmission of information.

White matter=________

In the PNS, ____________ are responsible for the collection of nerve cell bodies for processing information.

In the CNS, ____________ are responsible for the collection of nerve cell bodies for processing information

Grey matter is composed of a bunch of _____ ________ bundled together.

Neuroglial cells surround and support both nerve cell ______ and _____

Posterior (dorsal) _______ horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei of grey matter.

Anterior (ventral) _______ horns deal with somatic motor control.

_________ gray horns contain visceral (ANS) motor neurons.

The size of grey matter (#of nerve cells) is related to the size of body _________.

Cervical and lumbar enlargements are due to:

White matter of the spinal cord are divided into six columns (funiculi) containing ________.

__________ tracts relay info from the spinal cord to the brain

__________ tracts carry info from the brain to the spinal cord.

Dorsal (posterior) root of spinal nerve is all __________ (afferent) info

Ventral (anterior) root of spinal nerve is __________ (efferent) info

Spinal nerves are a mixture of sensory and _______ fibers (vertebrae have both)

Each spinal nerve receives sensory input from one _________---

What's a dermatome?

Another term that descriobes cells that function as afferent of the CNS:

Diencephalon consists of:

Mesencephalon is the technical term for:

The cortex of cerebral hemisphere (grey matter on outer surface) is the _______________ level of processing

Where is info stored in the brain?

Basal nuclei of cerebral hemisphere is responsible for _______ control.

Thalamus is responsible for:

Hypothalamus is responsible for:

Cortex of cerebellum (outer portion of cerebellum) is responsible for:

Fibers are:

Projection fibers:

Association fibers:

Commisural fibers:

Meninges:

What are responsible for protection and support of the CNS?

Meninges are specialized CT layers, 3 types:

Meninges provide _______ stability and ________ absorption

Meninges support _____ ________ entering and exiting the CNS tissue

Spinal Meninges anchor the _____ _______

How do spinal meninges provide cushioning?

Folds of ______ _______ help stabilize the brain

Cereobrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in:

CSF diffuses out of capillaries of the ________ ________ into ventricles

CSF exits venricles into _________ space through apertures of the 4th ventricle

CSF circulates through subarachnoid space of spinal and cranial meninges and exits across _________ __________ into the superior sagittal sinus (vein)

CSF comes from _____ and returns to ______

CSF transports _________, _________ _________, and _______ products

CSF provides _________ and buoyancy

Blockage of CSF circulation causes pressure in ____________

Enlarging ventricels damage ________ tissue

What is hydrocephalus?

__________ allow CSF to leave subarachnoid space

A fiber tract form the cerebellum to the anterior horn of the spinal cord is:

Commisural fibers go from _______ to _________

Interneurons (association neurons):

Satellite cells:

Schwann cells:

Unmyelinated axon:

Myelinated axon:

Nodes of Ranvier:

Myelin causes axons to to transfer _______ _______ and info quickly

Astrocytes (supporting cells):

Blood Brain Barrier:

What are ependymal cells?

Microglia:

Ependymal cells:

Damage to nerve cell = _______ _______

What happens when nerve cell axon in CNs is damaged?

What happens when the nerve cell axon in PNs is damaged?

Herpes:

Electricity: _________ of electrons

Bioelectricity: flow of ______

Action Potentials must be initiated at the _______

Stimulus can change the ______ of a cell if at axon hillock and AP will go forward IF storng enough

Transmembrane potential (resting potential)

Extracellular fluid:

Intracellular fluid:

Concentration gradient's ____________ by active transport of Na ions out of cell and K ions into cell

Charged ions must go through ______, can't go across membrane alone

Gated channels open in response to various stimuli/responses:

Ion flow across a membrane requires:

Ion flow through the cytoplasm of interstitial fluid (local current) requires:

Local current:

Local currents transmit bioelectric signals over ________ distances

Action Potentials needed to transmit bioelectric signals over ______ distances

Sodium ion channel:

Porassium ion channel

Steps involved in an Action Potential:

Action Potentials Ion restoration:

Generation of AP follows all-or-none principle:

Threshold depolarization:

Continuous propagation definition:

Saltatory propagation definition:

Steps of continuous propagation of AP:

Steps of saltatory propagation of AP:

Type A fibers:

Type B fibers:

Type C fibers:

Synapse: cell to cell _________

Chemical synapses have ________ filled with neurotransmitters to cros synapse

Electrical Synapse:

Chemical synapses:

Direct acting control of chemically gated ion channels:

Indirect acting control of chemically gatred ion channels:

The type of receptor determines the ___________

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP):

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP):

Simplest level of info processing occurs at ________ level

EPSP and IPSP local ion currents combine through __________

Temporal summation:

Spatial summation:

Synaptic potentials (that trigger AP's) can only travel for a _________ distance

PNS neurotransmitters:

Cholinergenic synapses:

Function of cholinergenic synapses:

When does synaptic fatigue occur?

Postsynaptic receptor properties determine effect of neurotransmitter on __________ cell (receptor type)

Amount of neurotransmitter released into _____ ______ and how long it remains determines amount of _____ or IPSP current in postsynaptic cell

Agonists (mimetics):

Antagonists (blocking agents):

Many neurotransmitters have more than one type or __________ ________ receptor

Nicotinic cholinergenic receptors:

Muscarinic choinergenic receptors:

Alpha adrenergic (adrenaline) receptors:

Beta adrenergic (adrenaline) receptors:

Monoamine synapses: (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

Pathways connecting _______- centers to one another and to motor neurons.

Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles of _______, _________, and _______ trunk

Motor neuron bodies (in brainstem):

Reflex:

Voluntary reflex:

Subconcious reflex:

Cerebellum and basal nuclei modulate ________ muscle activity via input to subconcious and voluntary centers.

Reflexes are rapid, _______, predicatable responses to stimuli

Neural reflex pathways involves sesnory input to ________ and motor neuron output to effectors.

Reflexes can be modified by input from _____ ______ _______

AP in sensory neuron propagates into ______

Info processing occurs at ____ _____ of nervous system

Motor neuron recieves __________ inputs that determine AP frequency (convergence)

Monosynaptic reflex:

Polysynaptic reflex:

Postural reflex:

Sensory receptors are muscle __________ stretch receptors

Sensory neuron axon has __________- synapse onto motor neuron

Stretch reflex is a reflex that:

Polysynaptic reflexes produce more ________ responses

Polysynaptic reflexesinvolve pools of _________-

Polysynaptic reflexes are __________ in distribution

Polysynaptic reflexes involve __________ inhibition

Polysynaptic reflexes involve muscle groups ___________ and __________ to stimulus

Ipsalateral:

Contralateral:

Polysynaptic reflexes may __________ to produce a coordinated response

Flexors ______

Extensors ________

If the left leg is contralateral:

Excitatory input (contraction) to flexor motor neurons and inhibitory input to extensor motor neurons of _________ leg

Inhibitory input to flexor motor neuron's and excitatory input to extensors motor neurons of _________ leg

Reinforcement:

Inhibition:

CNS damage can result in ________ reflexes

Babinski Sign:

Primary motor cortex: __________ gyrus

Everything with the brain ______ ______, because of the ____________________

Premotor cortex= _________ motor association area

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar pathways provides ________ skeletal muscle control via rapid direct pathway

Corticobulbar tracts (in brain/cranial nerves) synapse onto motor neurons in ____________ nerve nuclei, and doesn't leave the brain

Corticospinal tracts (anterior and lateral) synapse on motor neurons in the _________ gray horns of the spinal cord.

Vestibular nuclei:

Tectum of mesencephalon:

Reticular formation:(everything travles through)

Basal Nuclei:

Cerebellum: (no direct pathways to motor neurons)

Primary motor cortex:

Primary sensory cortex:

Visceral NS:

Olfactory cortex:

Gustatory cortex:

Visual cortex:

Auditory cortex:

Store info in _________________ _____________________ area/cortex

Association areas control ability to _________ sensory info and coordinate responses

General interpretive area:

Who mapped the cerebral cortex

The speech center:

Damage to the auditory association area could result in:

Prefontal cortex:

Speech impediment form damaged ___________ cortex

Left hemisphere is responsible for:

Right hemisphere is responsible for:

Electroencephalogram (EEG):

Alpha Waves:

Beta waves:

Theta Waves:

Delta waves:

Brain waves are related to activity of ____________ _______________ ___________

Reticular Formation:

If something travels up and down what must it trave through?

Reticular Activating System (RAS):

The more input, the more _______- you are

Conscious:

Subconscious:

States of Sleep:

Motivational System:

Limbic system functions:

Limbic system Components:

Cortex of cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus:

Hypothalamus:

Hippocampus and Fornix:

Amygdaloid body: