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One or more chemical substances DISSOLVED in a solvent or mutually miscible solvents
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Syrup contains what to specify it as a syrup
Sugar or sugar substitutes
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What does an Elixir have that syrups do not?
Alcohol
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Oral solutions are used to do what?
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provide palatable, easy‐to‐swallow dosage forms.
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Advantages of oral liquids
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a. Easy to swallow
b. Flexible dosing
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T/F oral solutions
Can minimize GI irritation for some drugs
True, they avoid high concentrations that can irritate the GI
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Disadvantages of Oral liquids
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a. Aqueous liquids are media for microbial growth
- b.Bulky / heavy to transport
- c. Relative chemical instability versus solids
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With suspensions a portion of the drug is in a ____ state.
Solid
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T/F A drug in solution can not interact with taste buds.
False, it CAN interact
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Potential dosing accuracies of a teaspoon can be off by this range.
3-8 mL
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Would you dissolve a drug in a viscous medium or a water medium?
Water, more difficult to dissolve in viscous
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Children have More/Less tastebuds than adults
More, they are more succeptible to bitter and sweet tastes.
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Methods of flavoring techniques
Blending, Overshadowing, physical methods, and Physiological methods
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Phsyical methods of flavoring include
- Suspensions
- Emulsions
- Effervescance (for salts)
- and viscosity (slows diffusion to taste buds)
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Physiological methods of flavoring techniques include
- Desensitvation (endothermic)
- Enhancement (citric acid or vanilla)
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USP for purified water contains ___% of minerals
0.001%
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Cosolvents are used to reduce the ____
Polarity
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Cosolvents are most likely added to water to make a hydro_____ compound.
Hydroalcoholic.
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Disulfiram causes ______. What is disulfiran
Causes nausea after consuming alcohol after drug administration.
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T/F glycerin is miscible with alcohol but not with water.
False, it is miscible with BOTH. Often used as a cosolvent
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Some kinds of preservatives are the following
- Ben- derivatives
- Paraben
- sorbic acid (mold and yeast)
- alcohol (15-20% required)
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Flavorants are often ____
oils
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T/F Flavorants are only aftificial.
False, they are natural OR artificial
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According to Colorants, what does F D and C stand for?
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What is a buffer but also acts as a chelator?
Citrate
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What is a nutritive sweetener? What makes it different?
It is a sweetener with calories.
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Possible ingredients for Syrups contain
Purified water, cosolvents, flavorents, colorants preservatives, and sucrose
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Sucrose concentration in syrups
60-80%
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Sucrose in oral syrups used for
- Tast masking
- Soothing
- Stabilizing dispersed systems
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Example of a nonglycogenetic substitute for sucrose is
methylcellulose
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glycogenetic substitute for sucrose is
dextrose, sorbitol, and glycerin
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Simple syrup NF (natural formulary) has a self-______ quality due to the high sucrose concentration.
Preserving
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Advantages of elixirs are
used to solubilize water and alcohol soluble ingredients
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Disadvantage of elixir
Less taste masking than Oral liquid
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T/F Elixirs are self preserving
False, they have less sugar, therefore are not self preserving.
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Childrens tyelonol is an elixir but does not contain
Alcohol
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