Study involving comparing people of different ages at the same point in time.
Cross-sectional study
Study involving tracking the behavior of a single cohort over a long period of time.
Longitudinal study
Study involving people of different ages that are followed over a long period of time.
Cross-sequential study
Study where researchers assess cause-and-effect relationships between at least two vatiables.
Experimental study
Study involves assessing the relationship between two variables, but neither variable is manipulated, so there is no way to determine whether changes in one variable cause changes in the other.
Correlational study
Study that takes place in real-life setting without the knowledge of the participants.
Naturalistic observation
Describes how children's thinking (their ability to solve problems) changes as they get older.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget; 0-2 yrs/Children think only in terms of what they can sense and what they can do with what they sense. (don't have object permanence)
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget; 2-6 yrs/Children gained object permanence, use intuitive logic and dominated by perception, highly egocentric. (don't understand conservation)
Pre-operational stage
Piaget; 6-12 yrs/Children gain conservation and think logically, but only about things they've had direct experience or can easily imagine. (don't understand abstract concepts)
Concrete operational stage
Piaget; 12+ yrs/Children gain concept of abstraction and understands the logic of science.
Formal operational stage
Idea a child understands the world in one way and then sees something happen that can't fit into that understanding.
Disequilibrium
A child's understanding of how some aspect of the world works. (Piaget)
Scheme
The taking in of new information, involves understanding of an event in terms of their current scheme. (Piaget)
Assimilation
The adaptive modification of the child's cognitive structures in order to deal with new objects or experiences. (Piaget)
Accommodation
Erikson's Eight Psyco-Social Stages
0-1 yrs Trust vs. Mistrust
1-3 yrs Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame
3-5 yrs Initiative vs. Guilt
6-11 yrs Industry vs. Inferiority
12-18 yrs Identity vs. Role Confusion
18-35 yrs Intimacy vs. Isolation
36-55 yrs Generativity vs. Stagnation
55+ yrs Integrity vs. Despair
Kohlberg's moral stage based on doing what will get tangible rewards and not doing what will get punishment.
Pre-conventional stage
Kohlberg's moral stage involving upholding laws and rules just because they're laws and rules.
Conventional stage
Kohlberg's moral stage based on one's own abstract ethical principles.