MedT Ch. 13&14

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin

orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die

blood clotting

protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes)

change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reaction

red blood cell; 5 million per microliter of blood

hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation

protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

white blood cell

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material and debris

large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

leukocyte with one large nucleus; it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris; become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues

pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single nucleus; ex: lymphocytes and monocytes

granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge; collected cells are transfused back into the donor; fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasm

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

immature erythrocyte; a network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes

antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (RH+) individuals

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells; clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot; it is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors

unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms; hematopoietic ones are teh progenitor for all different types of blood cells

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

platelet

bas/o

chrom/o

coagul/o

cyt/o

eosin/o

erythr/o

granul/o

hem/o

hemat/o

hemoglobin/o

is/o

kary/o

leuk/o

mon/o

morph/o

myel/o

neutr/o

nucle/o

phag/o

poikil/o

sider/o

spher/o

thromb/o

-apheresis

-blast

-cytosis

-emia

-globin, -globulin

-lytic

-oid

-osis

-penia

-phage

-philia

-phoresis

-poiesis

-stasis

cells are unequal in size

cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)

cells are large

cells are small

cells are irregularly shaped

cells are rounded

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

type of anemia: failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

type of anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

type of anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

type of anemia: hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis

type of anemia: inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

excess iron deopists throughout the body

general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)

type of leukemia: AML; immature granulocytes, decrease platelets and erythrocytes, increase myeloblasts

type of leukemia: ALL; immature lymphocytes, seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden

type of leukemia: CML; increase mature and immature granulocytes, slow progression, older patients (55+)

type of leukemia: CLL; abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes increased in marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, most common form, seen in the elderly

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes; transmitted by Epstein-Barr virus

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

test for the prescence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values-MCH, MCV, MCHC

speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

test of the ability of blood to clot

number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood

separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood

whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

producation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

protein produced by B cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens

substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response; most are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells

lymph nodes in the armpit

lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies

lymph nodes in the neck region

proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target

proteins that aid and regulate the immune response; ex: interferons and interleukins

T lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells (CD8+ cell or T8 cell)

specialized macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction

lymphocyte that aids B cells and cytotoxic T cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody producation; also called CD4+ cell or T4 cell

body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins; includes natural and acquired

antibodies (gamma globulins) such IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

lymph nodes in the groin region

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes (cells)

fluid in the spaces between cells; this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

tiniest lymphatic vessels

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

a collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels

carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells

protection that an individual inherits to fight infection

lymphocyte that produces and scretes antibodies; originates from B lymphocytes (cells)

large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from the upper right part of the body

organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes; also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)

lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland; acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly; once established the immune system will not react against the body

large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the daiphragm; empties the lymph into veins in the upper chest

organ in the mediastinum that conditions T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

mass of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune resonse; the response will destroy any cell that possesses that antigen on its surface and will protect against infection

weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

immun/o

lymph/o

lymphaden/o

splen/o

thym/o

tox/o

ana-

inter-

immunodeficiency disorder present at birth; affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity and have a small thymus

group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems

abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

malignant tumor of the thymus gland

substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen

exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance

hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes; Reed-Sternberg cell often is found on microscopic analysis

virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS

malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears red, purple, brown, black skin nodules

group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue; ex: follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma

infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained

drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS

measure the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS

screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)

measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream