-
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
albumin
-
protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens
antibody (Ab)
-
substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
antigen
-
white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin
basophil
-
orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die
bilirubin
-
blood clotting
coagulation
-
protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes)
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
-
change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization
differentiation
-
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
electrophoresis
-
white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reaction
eosinophil
-
red blood cell; 5 million per microliter of blood
erythrocyte
-
hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation
erythropoietin (EPO)
-
protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot
fibrin
-
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
fibrinogen
-
plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples
globulin
-
white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
granulocyte
-
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells
hemoglobin
-
destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)
hemolysis
-
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
heparin
-
response of the immune system to foreign invasion
immune reaction
-
protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
immunoglobulin
-
white blood cell
leukocyte
-
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
lymphocyte
-
monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material and debris
macrophage
-
large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow
megakaryocyte
-
leukocyte with one large nucleus; it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris; become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
monocyte
-
pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single nucleus; ex: lymphocytes and monocytes
mononuclear
-
granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte
neutrophil
-
removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge; collected cells are transfused back into the donor; fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasm
plasmapheresis
-
small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process
platelet
-
plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process
prothrombin
-
immature erythrocyte; a network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
reticulocyte
-
antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (RH+) individuals
Rh factor
-
plasma minus clotting proteins and cells; clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot; it is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors
serum
-
unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms; hematopoietic ones are teh progenitor for all different types of blood cells
stem cell
-
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
thrombin
-
-
bas/o
base (the opposite of acid)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
neutr/o
neutral (neither acid nor base)
-
-
-
poikil/o
varied, irregular
-
-
-
-
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
-
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
-
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells
-
-
-globin, -globulin
protein
-
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-
-
-
-
-
-
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
-
-
-
cells are unequal in size
anisocytosis
-
cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)
hypochromia
-
cells are large
macrocytosis
-
cells are small
microcytosis
-
cells are irregularly shaped
poikilocytosis
-
cells are rounded
spherocytosis
-
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
anemia
-
type of anemia: failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
aplastic anemia
-
type of anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
hemolytic anemia
-
type of anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body
pernicious anemia
-
type of anemia: hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis
sickle cell anemia
-
type of anemia: inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background
thalassemia
-
excess iron deopists throughout the body
hemochromatosis
-
general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
polycythemia vera
-
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting
hemophilia
-
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
purpura
-
increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
leukemia
-
type of leukemia: AML; immature granulocytes, decrease platelets and erythrocytes, increase myeloblasts
acute myelogenous leukemia
-
type of leukemia: ALL; immature lymphocytes, seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden
acute lymphocytic leukemia
-
type of leukemia: CML; increase mature and immature granulocytes, slow progression, older patients (55+)
chronic myelogenous leukemia
-
type of leukemia: CLL; abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes increased in marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, most common form, seen in the elderly
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
-
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
granulocytosis
-
infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes; transmitted by Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis
-
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
multiple myeloma
-
test for the prescence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
antiglobulin test
-
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
bleeding time
-
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
coagulation time
-
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values-MCH, MCV, MCHC
complete blood count (CBC)
-
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hematocrit (Hct)
-
total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB)
-
number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
platelet count
-
test of the ability of blood to clot
prothrombin time (PT)
-
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
red blood cell count (RBC)
-
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
red blood cell morphology
-
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
white blood cell count (WBC)
-
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
white blood cell differential [count]
-
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
apheresis
-
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
blood transfusion
-
microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
bone marrow biopsy
-
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
-
producation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen
acquired immunity
-
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
adenoids
-
protein produced by B cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens
antibody
-
substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response; most are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells
antigen
-
lymph nodes in the armpit
axillary nodes
-
lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
B cell
-
lymph nodes in the neck region
cervical nodes
-
proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target
complement system
-
proteins that aid and regulate the immune response; ex: interferons and interleukins
cytokines
-
T lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells (CD8+ cell or T8 cell)
cytotoxic T cell
-
specialized macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction
dendritic cell
-
lymphocyte that aids B cells and cytotoxic T cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody producation; also called CD4+ cell or T4 cell
helper T cell
-
body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins; includes natural and acquired
immunity
-
antibodies (gamma globulins) such IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen
immunoglobulins
-
use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease
immunotherapy
-
lymph nodes in the groin region
inguinal nodes
-
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interferons
-
proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes (cells)
interleukins
-
fluid in the spaces between cells; this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries
interstitial fluid
-
thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
lymph
-
tiniest lymphatic vessels
lymph capillaries
-
lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
lymphoid organs
-
a collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels
lymph node
-
carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
lymph vessel
-
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
macrophage
-
lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
mediastinal nodes
-
antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells
monoclonal antibody
-
protection that an individual inherits to fight infection
natural immunity
-
lymphocyte that produces and scretes antibodies; originates from B lymphocytes (cells)
plasma cell
-
large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from the upper right part of the body
right lymphatic duct
-
organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells
spleen
-
lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes; also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)
suppressor T cell
-
lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland; acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens
T cell
-
the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly; once established the immune system will not react against the body
tolerance
-
large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the daiphragm; empties the lymph into veins in the upper chest
thoracic duct
-
organ in the mediastinum that conditions T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
thymus gland
-
mass of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
tonsils
-
poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
toxin
-
exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune resonse; the response will destroy any cell that possesses that antigen on its surface and will protect against infection
vaccination
-
weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
vaccine
-
-
-
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
-
-
-
-
-
-
immunodeficiency disorder present at birth; affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity and have a small thymus
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
-
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
allergy
-
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
lymphoma
-
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
multiple myeloma
-
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
thymoma
-
substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen
allergen
-
exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance
anaphylaxis
-
hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition
atopy
-
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes; Reed-Sternberg cell often is found on microscopic analysis
Hodgkin disease
-
virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-
malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears red, purple, brown, black skin nodules
Kaposi sarcoma
-
group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue; ex: follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
-
infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained
opportunistic infections
-
drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV
protease inhibitor
-
drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
-
weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS
wasting syndrome
-
measure the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
CD4+ cell count
-
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
ELISA
-
test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)
immunoelectrophoresis
-
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
viral load test
|
|