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The average adult human heart is the size of
Average fist
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The average normal heart rate is
68-72 beats per minute
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What % of plasma is water/serum
90%
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Things contained is plasma
- Antibodies
- O2
- CO2
- Electrolytes
- Waste
- Nutrients
- Hormones
- Vitamins
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HCG is
- Human chronic gonadotropin
- Produced in cancer of the uterus
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The human heart has how many chambers?
4
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The heart is covered by a sack called the
Pericardium
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The heart is made up of what type of muscle?
Cardiac
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Which chamber of the heart is the strongest?
The left ventricle
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What is pulmonary circulation?
The circulation of blood through the heart & lungs
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This transports deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities to the heart
Superior vena cava
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This transports deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities to the heart
Inferior vena cave
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The right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae
The right atrium
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The valve located in the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle
The tricuspid valve
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The heart strings located on the AV valves
Chordae tendinae
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The chamber on the right side of the heart that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary arteries
right ventricle
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The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semi-lunar valve
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This transfers blood away from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
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These transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary veins
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The left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left atrium
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Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
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The bicuspid valve is also known as
Mitral valve
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The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
left ventricle
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The left ventricle pumps blood through this valve into the aorta
Aortic semi-lunar valve
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The blood leaves the heart and travels to the rest of the body by way of the
Aorta
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Circulation of blood to the heart is called
Coronary circulation
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The coronary arteries are located
At the apex of the aorta on the inferior side
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The coronary arteries branch out into
Secondary coronary arteries
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The electrical system of the heart is
The purkenje system
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A small mass of electrical tissue stimulating the heart to beat or contract
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This is also called the pace maker of the heart
SA node
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What is the function of the AV node or Atrio-Ventricular node
It sends electrical impulses to the atria or atrial muscles
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This is a nerve network through the inter-atria ventricular septum
Bundle of His
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These send the electrical impulses to the ventricles
Purkenje fibers
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Atrio fidrulation or Afib is associated with
The top chambers of the heart
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Ventricular firulation or Vfib is associated with
- The bottom chambers of the heart
- They are out of sync
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The lubb sound is created by
The closing of the AV valves
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The AV valves are the
Tricuspid & bicuspid valves
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The closing of the semilunar valve creates what sound
Dupp
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A heart sound when there should not be one
A murmur
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Treatment for an active murmur may include
- A heart valve replacement
- Natural or artificial
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An inactive murmur would require
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An EKG or ECG is
- An electrocardiogram
- A picture of the electrical activity of the heart
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The P wave is the
Atrial contraction pressure
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The ventricular contraction pressure is indicated on an EKG by the
QRS wave
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The T wave is the
ventricular relaxation pressure
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The term for when the chambers of the heart get larger & the muscle walls get thinner making the heart weaker
Hypertrophy
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Hypertrophy of the heart is caused by
Too much pressure
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Systolic number is the
- Top number
- Ventricular contraction pressure
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Diastolic number is the
- The bottom number
- Ventricular relaxation pressure
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List types of resistance
- Internal (I. R.)
- Frictional (F. R.)
- Peripheral (P. R.)
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Blood pressure is measured with
A sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope
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Internal resistance is caused by increased
- Viscosity of the blood
- Increased viscosity = increased resistance
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Increased RBCs
Erythrocytosis
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Decreased RBCs
Erythropenia
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Increased WBCs
Leucocytosis
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Decreased WBCs
Leucopenia
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Increased platelets
Thrombocytosis
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Decreased platelets
Thrombopenia
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A stationary blood clot
Thrombus
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A moving blood clot
An embolus
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Frictional resistance is caused by
The moving blood against the stationary blood vessel wall
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The build up of plaque on blood vessel walls is called
Atherosclerosis
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As resistance increases so does
Blood pressure
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Hardening of the arteries is called
Arteriosclerosis
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Peripheral resistance is caused by
The inelasticity of blood vessel walls
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A bulge in a blood vessel wall is called
An aneurysm
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List the three types of blood vessels
- Arteries
- Veins
- & capillaries
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Characteristics of arteries
- Carry blood away from the heart
- Are made of smooth muscle
- Largest in diameter of the blood vessels
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The largest artery is
The aorta
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The arterial system is a ____ ______ system
High pressure
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The aorta is ______ in diameter
1"
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3 Characteristics of veins
- Carry blood toward the heart
- Low pressure system
- Has a system of one way valves to prevent flow of blood
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The smallest of all blood vessels
- Capillaries
- Size of average human hair
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The diameter of a capillary is
- 10microns
- Only 1 RBC can pass through at a time
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This is at the point where an artery & capillary meet
Pre-capillary sphincter valve
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RBCs or red blood cells
- A.K.A. Erythrocyte
- 7.5 microns in diameter
- Biconcave disc
- 5.1x106/mm3
- Contains hemoglobin
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Where are O2, CO2, waste, & nutrients exchanged
In the capillaries
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The life span of a RBC is
120 days
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Average hemoglobin is
15g/100ml of blood
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Hematocrit is
The % of RBCs in the blood
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Average hematocrit is
45%
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What are the four basic blood types
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What percent of the population has A type blood
42%
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What percent of the population has B type blood
8-10
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What percent of the population has AB type blood
2-4
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What percent of the population has O type blood
46
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What stemulates antibody production
Antigens
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What type of blood is known as the universal doner
Type O
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The universal recipient has what blood type
Type AB
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What type of antibody does A type blood have
B
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What type of antibody does B type blood have
A
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What type of antibody does AB type blood have
None
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What type of antibody does O type blood have
AB
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A lack of or insufficient amount of blood or hemoglobin is
Anemia
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List four types of anemia
- Pernicious
- Hemorahogic
- Nutritional
- Hemolytic
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What type of anemia is due to bone marrow malfunction?
Pernicious anemia
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What type of anemia is due to a chronic blood loss
Hemorahogic anemia
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What type of anemia is due to lack of iron in the diet? More common in mensruating females
Nutritional anemia
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What type of anemia is due to destruction of erythrocytes (i.e. Sickle-cell anemia)
Hemolytic anemia
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A congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks & costal areas.
Sickle-cell anemia
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A blood disease characterized by the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood
- Erythroblastosis fetalis (EF)
- Hemolytic disease of Newborn (HDN)
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A blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people
Rh factor
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% of people who are RH+ & RH-
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A macrophage is a
Fixed or stationary monocyte
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A lung macrophage is a
Histiocyte
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A Kupffer cell is
A liver macrophage
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A fixed or stationary basophil is a
Mast cell
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Lymphocytes
- Make up 20-40% of circulating WBCs
- Produce antibodies
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The life span of a leucocyte is
14-21days
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Monocytes
- Make up 8-10% of circulating WBCs
- Are phagocytic
- Lovers an indented nucleus
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How many WBCs are there in the human body
- 5,000-10,000/mm3
- Average 7,500/mm3
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PMN cell
- Comprise 60-70% of circulating WBCs
- #1 phagocytic WBC
- A.K.A. Heterophil, neutrophil, seg cell
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These make up 2-6% of circulating WBCs are associated with allergic reactions & are phagocytic particularly to parasites
Eosinophil
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These make up 0-1% of circulating WBCs, release heparin and histamine & act as an anticoagulant
Basophil
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List the 5 classes of antibody molecules
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD & IgE
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The first made antibody (at 6mo-1yr) & the most abundant
IgM
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The only antibody that can cross the placenta
IgG
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The secretory antibody, found in lacrimal fluid, sweat...
IgA
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The least of the antibodies found in circulation. If high=bone marrow cancer
IgD
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The antibody associated with reagin allergies/allergic reactions
IgE
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A platelet is also called a
Thrombocyte
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The function of thrombocytes is
Clotting
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There are on average how many platelets are ther /mm3?
250,000
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Clotting time is about
3-5minutes
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A sex-linked genetic defect associated with the gene for clotting
- Hemophilia
- "bleeders disease"
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The liquid portion of the blood
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