Inflammation and Immunity

Glycolipid presentation to NKT cells

Signaling shains for T cells receptor

Co-receptor for MHC class II restricted T cells (T helpers)

Co-receptor for MHC class I restricted T cells (Cytotoxic)

• Alpha chain of beta-2 integrin family
• CD11a/CD18 forms LFA-1
• CD11b/CD18 forms CR3
• CD11c/CD18 forms CR4

LPS co-receptor

• Beta chain of beta-2 integrin family
• Deficient in LAD

Signal transducer on B cells

Chain of CR2 co-receptor

Chain of CR2 co-receptor

Alpha chain of IL-2 receptor

Co-receptor on T cells that bind B7

• Marker on hematopoietic stem cells
• Mediates attachment of stem cells to bone marrow ECM

Co-receptor on B cells that bind T cell CD154

Tyrosine phosphatase on T and B cells

• Membrane decay accelerating factor
• Deficient in PNH

Membrane regulator of MAC assembly

Ligan on T cells for B cell CD40

T cell co-receptor that binds ICAM-1 on APCs

induces production of CSF and macrophages; induction of E-selectin on endothelium (endothelial cell activation); critical for endothelial-leukocyte interaction and subsequent leukocyte recruitment and production of acute phase reactants; fever induction

• lymphocyte proliferation (Th1 cells)
• Induces Tregs

Stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid progenitor cells; then stimulates proliferation of myeloid lineage cells (includes RBCs, megakeryocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells)

• Induces class switching from IgM to IgG/E
• Increased MHC class II expression
• Th2 induction; inhibits Th1

• Induces class switching to IgA
• Increased Ig synthesis and eosinophil proliferation
• Blocks switching to IgG3

Induces differentiation into plasma cells

Induces T and B cell proliferation (lymphopoiesis)

• Attracts neutrophils and macrophages to site of injury
• Leads to release of histamine

• Anti-inflammatory cytokine
• Inhibits Th1 activation

• Co-activator of NK and NKT cells
• Induces Th1 to secrete IFNgamma

Induces class switching to IgE

Induces proliferation of NK cells and memory CytT cells

• Neutrophil infiltration and activation
• Produced in the gut by Th17 cells whose differentiation is dependent on TGFbeta and IL-6

• Induces class switching to IgA
• Acts as a chemokine to attract neutrophils and macrophages to site of injury
• Anti-inflammatory cytokine (inhibits macrophage activation)

• Induces the production of CSF and macrophages; induces E-selecting on edothelium; critical for endothelial-leukocyte interactions and subsequent recruitment of leukocytes adn production of acute phase reactants (similar to IL-1)
• Triggers Apoptosis
• Driving force in RA

• Acts a lymphotoxin to hasten the deposition of collagen
• Induces Apoptosis

• Acts as an antiviral to interfere with virus replication
• Co-activates macrophages
• Induces MHC class I

• The primary macrophage-activating cytokine
• Induces TNFalpha and IL-1 secretion
• Increases expression of MHC class II
• Induces CD4 TH1 cells
• Inhibits Th2 cells

• Induces the phagocytosis of opsonized (coated with either Ab or complement) microbes
• Involved in intracellular signaling

IgE receptor on mast cells; when it cross-links IgEs bound to antigen, degranulation of mast cells is triggered

• Expressed on T cell surfaces
• Binds B7 tighter than CD28 and inhibits T cells
• Target in immune therapy (Abatacept)

• In the hypothalamus
• Resets the temperature set point at a higher level with systemic infection (causes fever)

Chemokine for T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes

• Cyclooxygenase 1
• constitutive, homeostatic enzyme
• Protects the gastric mucosa, regulates platelet aggregation, peripheral vascular resistance, renal perfusion distribution and Na excretion

• Cyclooxygenase 2
• inducible, pro-inflammatory enzyme
• Production of PGs from arachadonic acid in fibroblasts, macrophages and other cells

• prostaglandin D2
• Affects vasodilation; increases vascular permeability

• Prostaglandins
• pro-inflammatory functions (vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and osteoclastic bone resorption)
• anti-inflammatory functions (inhibit T-cell responses, IL-2, block B cell maturation)

• Leukotriene D4
• Increase in vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion

• Thromboxane
• Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction

Activates IL-2

• Hypoxia-Induced Factor
• Expression of genes involved in inflammation and VEGF, TGF, EGF and erythropoietin (EPO)

• Hageman factor
• Induces both the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathway (as well as kinin and complement cascade)

• Neuropeptide
• Release of histamine
• Increases vascular permeability

• Vascular dilation and pain
• short acting end product of kinin system
• Increased vascular permeability

• Released from platelets
• Dilation of arterioles
• Increased permeability of venules
• Short duration of action

• Dilation of arterioles
• Increased permeability of venules
• Short duration of action

• Platelet activating factor; produced by phospholipase A2
• Redistributes P-selectins to cell surface from the Weibel-Palade bodies
• Vasodilator
• Increases vascular permeability
• Effects platelet aggregation
• At high concentrations, it causes vaso and bronchoconstriction

• Platelet derived growth factor
• Acts as a chemokine to attract neutrophils and macrophages to site of injury

Endogenous chemoattractant; product of arachidonic acid pathway

• Acts as a chemokine to attract neutrophils and macrophages to site of injury
• also attracts eosinophils & basophils

• C-reactive protein
• Binds bacterial phospholipids
• Mediates phagocytosis
• Increased during inflammation/infection

• Mediates clearance of immune complexes bearing C3b or C4b
• Found in highest density on surface of erythrocytes

• solubilizes large immune complexes and prevents IC disease
• opsonin

• coactivates B cells through CR2
• iC3b cleaved by Factor I to form C3d