Layers of the skin include (order - surface to deep tissue):
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutanious
Which one is NOT a defense of the skin?
1. Dry skin
2. Normal Flora
3. Fatty acids
4. Salt
5. A rash
6. Peptides
A rash is not a defense mechanism of the skin.
Symptoms: blisters all over body, itch, virus becomes latent spinal ganglia and can cause a secondary infection in adults
A. Measles
2. Surfer's disease
3. Chickenpox
4. Smallpox
Chickenpox
A CHILDHOOD complication of chickenpox is:
1. Reye's syndrome
2. Shingles
3. Sync disease
4. Bovine virus
1. Reye's syndrome
Symptoms: Few days after initial infection of original disease recedes the patient vomits a lot and exhibits signs of brain dysfunction (dizneyness or bad behavior), coma and death can follow:
1. Rabies
2. Polio
3. Reye's disease
4. Cryptococcal Menengitis
Reye's disease. (note: inital infection is chickenpox)
Why would people die from chickenpox?
Complications that can cause encephalitis or pneumonia (1/2 of these complications occur in adults)
What is the cause of chickenpox?
1. Variola virus
2. Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
3. Streptococci
4. Haemophilus
2. Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
What are the two main causes for chickenpox transmission?
1. Skin to skin contact and blood contamination
2. Skin to skin contact and inhalation of chicken fecal matter
3. Blood contamination and respiratory
4. Skin to skin contact and respiratory
Skin to skin contact and respiratory
A. What are the host defenses for chickenpox?
1. B-cells
2. Normal Flora
3. Macrophages
4. T-cells
B. What is the clinical prevention of chickenpox?
1. Mother's inutero antibodies
2. Avoid exposure
3. Try to be exposed at a young age
C. What is the clinical treatment for chickenpox?
1. Vaccine in two doses
2. Vaccine in three doses
3. Topical antiseptic
A. T-cells (cell mediated immunity - no antibodies)
B. Avoid Exposure
C. Vaccine in two doses
What family of virus is chicken pox a part of?
Herpes
A reactivation of chickenpox in adults is called _______.
Why does this happen?
Shingles.
- Virus lays dormant until stress or a compromised immune system let it wreak havoc on a certain part of the body.
How does shingles resurface?
1. Travels down nerves and produces blisters.
2. Travels through lymph system and produces localized blisters.
3. Travels from dermis to epidermis in the form of blisters.
Travels down nerves and produces blisters.
Symptoms include: raised rash over entire body, pustuals arise deep in the skin, pustuals scab and finally scab falls off
1. Smallpox
2. Cowpox
3. Chickenpox
4. Doxpox
Smallpox
There are two major types of the smallpox virus, what are they:
1. Variola major and minor
2. Varicella major and minor
3. Herpes simplex D major and minor
4. Arbovirus major and minor
Variola major and mino
Variola major or minor?
1. More severe form
2. 1% fatality rate
3. high fever
4. mild rash
5. blindness
1. major
2. minor (30% for major)
3. major
4. minor
5. major
How is smallpox NOT transmitted?
1. Direct contact
2. Inhalation
3. Contaminated food
4. Bodily fluids
5. Fomites
Bodily fluid
How does the host defend itself against smallpox?
- interferons or swelling?
Interferons
Diagnosis and prevention of smallpox?
Diagnosis: isolation of virus and clinical presentation of victim.
Prevention: Vaccine
MMR vaccine refers to?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella.
Synthoms include: common cold (fever, cough, runny nose), koplik spots, a rash that begins on the face and spreads over body. You have:
1. Smallpox
2. Rubella
3. HSV
4. Measles
Measles
Complications of measles are:
Brain damage caused by encephalitis, secondary bacterial infection that may lead to puenomia and death.
What is subacute sclerosis panencephalitis?
The clinical term for brain damage caused by complications with measles. Note: mostly occures in men and appears 1 - 10 years after measles infection.
How is measles transmitted?
Respiratory - note: highly contagious.
Measles: host defense, diagnosis and prevention/treatment? Please give an example of each.
Host defense: cell mediated (meaning no antibodies).
Diagnosis: presence of giant cells (formed by meales virus fusing with red blood cells) and koplik spots
Treatment: vaccine (MMR).
NO ANSWER CARD
MMR vaccine has an unexpected result: viruses it protects against now has an affinity for infants because mother is no longer immune to actually contrating virus(es) but she is immune due to MMR. Vaccinated immunoal antibodies are not as strong as the real deal...especially when passed via breastmilk or inutero.
What is another name for Rubella and what are the synthoms?
1. Blood
2. Mother to fetus
3. Respratory droplets
Where does Rubella multiply?
1. Blood
-----
respiratory tract and spreads throughout body
Rubella:
Host defenses/ Diagnosis/ Treatment/prevention
Host defenses: cellular and humoral - lifelong immunity
Diagnosis: basic symptoms and serology
Prevention/ treatment: MMR, antiserum is given to pregnant women.
Congeaital Rubella Syndrome:
What is it and who gets it?
First trimester fetus
If fetus contracts this or becomes exposed to rubella complications can areise such as deafness, heart defects, retardation.
35 percent change.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1)
Symptoms do not include:
Fever blisters
Cold sores
Genital Warts
Transmission does not include:
Oral Contact
Respritory
Genital Contact
Answer to both is genital. Genital is HSV-2
What is herpes encephalitis?
A complication that can arise from HSV-1 or HSV-2 where herpes virus migrates to and infects the brain. Also known as the dirty whore brain drain.
HSV-1
Where does herpes reside when it is not being active?
How many people who have HSV-1 become active carriers?
Treatment?
Latency occurs in trigeminal nerve ganglion (nerves that lie between face and central nervous system).
90%.
None.
What common mouth disorder is mistaken for HSV-1?
Canker sores. The cause of them is unknown.
Streptococcus pyogenes has three levels of seriousness:
Impetigo
Streptococcal gangrene
Erysipelas
put them in order of least serious to most serious:
Impetigo
Erysipelas
Streptococcal gangrene
Streptococcus pyogeneshas three levels of seriousness:
Impetigo
Erysipelas
Streptococcal gangrene
place the description with the level (part one):
1. Spreads rapidly through lymph
2. Superficial skin wound
3. Bacteria enter blood, could be fatal
4. Most common in children
5. Deep tissue infection
Impetigo
Superficial Skin wound
Most common in children
Erysipelas
Spreads rapidly through lymph
Streptococcal gangrene
Deep tissue infection
Bacteria enters blood, could be fatal
Streptococcus pyogenes has three levels of seriousness:
Impetigo
Erysipelas
Streptococcal gangrene
place the description with the level (part two):
Oozes a clear fluid
Intense inflammation that destroys blood vessels and tissues
Forms a crust
Infection of the dermis
Can enter blood stream and be fatal
Impetigo
Oozes a clear fluid
Forms a Crust
Erysipelas
Infection of the dermis
Can enter blood stream and be fatal
Streptococcal gangrene
Intense inflammation that destroys blood vessels and tissue
Host Defense– Antibodies to surface proteins & toxins
Diagnosis– Isolation of bacteria
Prevention & Treatment– Antibiotics
The skin disease Staphylococcus aureus has three levels of seriousness:
Impetigo, scaled skin syndrome and Folliculitis & Cellulitis. What is the order of seriousness?
Impetigo
Folliculitis and Cellulitis
Scaled skin syndrome
Staphylococcus aureus causes three diseases. Link the facts with the diseases:
Impetigo
Folliculitits and Cellulitis
Scaled Skin Disease
Facts:
Exfoliating Toxin
Diffuse skin infection
Pus filled lessions within hair follicles
Skin peels off
Superficial skin layers
Impetigo
Superficial skin layer
Folliculitits and Cellulitis
Diffuse skin infection
Pus filled lessions within hair follicles
Scaled Skin Disease
Skin peels off
Exfoliating toxin
How is S. aureus transmitted?
Contact with wound or fomites (any inanimate object able o carry infectious agent, such as a stethoscope)
S. aureus is a skin disease. What are the:
a. host defense(s)
b. diagnosis procedure
c. prevention and treatment
a. antibodies
b. isolate bacteria from t he wound
c. clean all wounds, good hygiene, antibiotics
What is the causing agent of Toxic Schock Syndrome (TSS)?
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Toxic Shock Syndrome is a skin disorder caused by S. aureus. What two from the list are NOT symptoms of TSS:
High fever with chills
Nauesa and Vomiting
Diareer
Headach
Abnormal growth
Red rash followed by peeling of skin
Confusion
Seizures
Pussing
Hypotension
Organ failure (kidneys and liver)
Pussing and abnormal growth
Toxic Shock Syndrome is a skin disorder caused by S. aureus. What are some risk factors of TSS?
contraceptives
tampons
surgery
open wounds
S. aureus infection
Toxic Shock Syndrome is a skin disorder caused by S. aureus. What is the causing TOXIN of TSS?
How would you treat TSS?
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)
Treatment:
antibiotics
supprotive
eliminate predisposing factors
Clostridium perfringens is a disease of the skin.
What are it's symptoms?
– Infects deep wounds
– Produces alpha-toxin and gas
– Skin turns black, renal failure & death
Clostridium perfringens is a disease of the skin.\
What are its causes?
C. perfringens bacterium
it's a Gram+ anaerobic rod that grows in soil
Clostridium perfringens is a disease of the skin
How is it transmitted?
Contamination of wounds with infected soil
Clostridium perfringens is a disease of the skin
what are the host defenses and how is it diagnosed?
Host defenses: antibodies
Diagnosis:
gas under the skin
isolation of bacteria
Clostridium perfringens is a disease of the skin
How can it be prevented and treated?
Antibiotics, antitoxin, hyperbaric chamber, removal of dead tissue (amputation)
Does ringworm happen more in men or women and why?
Men because they work outside more and have less sense of hygiene.
What are the symptoms of ringworm?
infection of skin
skin is locally red and may ooze fluid
tinea pedis, capitis, cruris, unguinum, corporis
What are the fungal agents that can cause ringworm?
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
How is ringworm transmitted?
soin, formites (inanimate objects), clothing
Fungal infection of the skin: Ringworm:
Host defenses?
Diagnosis?
Prevention and treatment?
Host defenses:
cell mediated immunity (not antibodies)
local inflammation
Diagnosis:
symptoms
Prevention and treatment:
topical antifungals: micronazole
oral: griseofulvin
Candidiasis is what kind of skin infection?
bacterium, fungal, virus, parasitic?
fungal
Candidiasis>symptoms
What is trush?
white plaques on mucous membranes
Candidiasis> symptoms
Define diaper rash and vaginitis
Diaper rash - red raised rash
Vaginitis - women susceptible following antibiotics, contraceptives, hormonal changes
Candidiasis>symptoms
Systemic - describe
immunocompromised, fatal
What causes the fungal skin infection Candidiasis?
The oppertunistic pathogen Candida albicans
How do you prevent the fungal skin infection Candidiasis?
Antifungus and keep skin dry
The parasitic skin infection Scabies. How do you prevent it?
Medication kills mites
Note: itching stops only after the infected skin layer is shed.
What are the host defenses and diagnosis of the parasitic skin infection Scabies?
No host defenses
Diagnosis occures when mites and eggs under skin are identified using a microscope.
Symptoms of the parasitic skin infection Scabies
Mites live in the epidermis and can cause severe itching
What is the name of the parasite that causes Scabies?
Sarcoptes scabiei or simply mite
How is the parasitic skin infection Scabies transmitted?
Close contact
Fomites (inorganic objects)
Note: found worldwide every 15 years and lasts for 15 years
Meningitis is a disease of the nervous system. It can be caused by a multitude of pathogens. If caused by a bacteria, how can it be diagnosed?
spinal tap
How does meningitis physically occur?
Inflammation of the meninges membrane
Where is the meninges membrane located?
Between the brain or spinal chord and the body.
What are some common symptoms associated with meningtis?
sudden fever, severe headache, neck rigidity
What causes Haemophilus influenza meningitis?
Gram- aerobic bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis is a bacterial disease of the nervous system.
Whom does it ostly affect?
Children 6 months to 4 years
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis is a bacterial disease of the nervous system.
It is also a normal flora located where?
throat
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis is a bacterial disease of the nervous system.
What kind of antigen is on it's capsule?
type b
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis is a bacterial disease of the nervous system
How is it prevented?
Hib vaccine
Neisseria Meningitis or Meningococcal Meningitis are bacterium that infect the nervous system.
What kind of bacteria are they?
Gram- aerobic cocci with capsules
Neisseria Meningitis or Meningococcal Meningitis are bacterium that infect the nervous system.
What fact is NOT true:
10% of people are healthy carriers
Begins as throat infection or rash
Can cause aorta rash
Vaccine reccomended for college student
Can cause aorta rash
Neisseria Meningitis or Meningococcal Meningitis are bacterium that infect the nervous system.
What type is most common in US?
serotype B
Besides the three main bacterium mentioned in this chapter, wht other bacteria can cause meningitis?
E. coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis are bacteria infections of the nervous system.
What kind of bacteria are they?
Gram+ diplococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis are bacteria infections of the nervous system.
Prevention?
Vaccination
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis are bacteria infections of the nervous system.
What facts are NOT true:
60% of people are healthy carriers
70% of people are healthy carriers
Most common in children
Most common in adults
60% and adults
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis are bacteria infections of the nervous system.
What is the mortality rate in children and elderly?
30% in children
80% in elderly
Aseptic meningitis is caused by:
virus
prion
bacterium
parasite
virus
Viral aseptic meningitis is the most or least common type of meningitis
most common
What is the severity of aseptic meningitis (meningitis from a virus)?
mild
What is the treatment of viral aseptic meningitis?
None
What causes cryptococcal meningitis?
virus
prion
bacterium
fungus
parasite
fungus
Fungal cryptococcal meningitis's scientific name is?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Who usually gets cryptococcal (fungal) meningitis?
Transmitted via pigeon droppings and the inhalation of dried droppings.
What are the mechanics behind Tetanus (how does it work/spread)?
certain nerves in the human body send impulses to muscles to say "contract" while the others say "relax." tetanus tells all musculear nerves to contract causing spasms.
First --> lockjaw
Then --> back and neck
Last --> throat
Patient cant swallow. Patient chokes and needs machine assistance. Finally, respiratory muscles are affected. Breathing stops and death occurs.
Where is tetanus usually found?
Soil contaminated with animal fecal waste.
What does Clostridium tetani cause?
Tetanus
How does Clostridium tetani transmit tetanus
spores
What environment does Clostridium tetani (tetanus) grow in the best?
Anaerobic environments: deep wounds and decaying tissues.
What is the pathogensis of tetanus?
After Clostridium tetani cell lyces, the neurotoxin tetanospasmin is released.
Note: C. tetani NEVER enters central nervous system (so there is no inflamation). It actually never leaves orgional infection site.
Also, the tetanospasmin toxin is so potent an inkdot worth can kill 30 adults.
What physical response does tetanospasmin (neurotoxin of C. tetani) cause?
first, a condition known as "lock jaw".
then, spastic paralysys.
finally, respratory distress.
What is the treatment for tetanus before and after symptoms appear?
Before: an antitoxin known as TIG
After: none.
How can tetanus be prevented?
Vaccine every 5 - 10 years.
the vaccine is a toxoid meaning that the antibodies produced target toxin not bacterium. Bacteria is in too small of a quantity to be targeted.
What is the name of the deadly toxin that causes botulism?
Botox.
Botulism, among other things, is a form of food poisoning caused by?
Clostridium botulinum. A Gram+ bacterium.
C. botulinum causes botulism by it's ______.
spores
Ironically, the same environment that destroys C. botulinum (botulism) causes the production of it's deadly spores. What condition about this enviroment kills the bacterium?
low pH causes endospores to form and also release a deadly exotoxin.
What is the pathogenesis of botulism?
Endotoxin produced by spores block release of acetylcholine 9chemical necessary for transmitting nerve impulses). Flaccid paralysys (weakness) occures in 1 - 10 days. Then respiratory paralysys.
Different strains of C. botulinum create different toxins and cause seperate cases of botulism. What is the most potent?
Type A.
Note: death has been recorded even in cases of food tasting without swallowing or even in absorptions via skin breaks can cause death.
Where is type A botulism found?
West of mississippi river.
What is type A botulism spores most resistant to?
heat
What is the most common cause of botulism in infants and why?
Honey consumption. Honey contains trace ammounts of C. botulinum that is normally destroyed by the normal flora of the adult stomach before it can create spores and toxin. Infants have yet to develop normal flora.
If normal flora protects everybody but infants from botulism, how do adults contract it?
Food poisoning. Normal flora usually protects from injestion of microbe but not of toxin. When food is canned, it is heat-labiled. This destroys the bacterium but also, if not done properly, can cause the creation of spores and toxin.
Hansen's disease is a less common name for what?
Leprosy
True or false: The incubation period for Leprosy is rapid.
False. incubation can be years because the bacteria growth is slow.
What are some common early symptoms of Leprosy?
Skin rash
Persistent, chronic infections
Peripheral nerve damage and loss of sensation
Leprosy happens in two stages: tuberculoid (a.k.a. neural; less severe) and lepromatous (a.k.a. progressive or borderline; more severe). Out of the list below, what conditions belong with each:
cell mediated response occures
possitive skin test
loss of fingers, toes, nose
skin damage
loss of sensation is discrete spots
inmfection is usually contained
negative skin test (no T-cell response)
Tuberculoid:
cell mediated response
infection is contained
positive skin test
loss of sensation in discrete spots
Lepromatous:
poor immune response
skin damage
negative skin test (no T-cell response)
loss of fingers, toes, nose
What disease does Mycobascterium leprae cause?
Leprosy
Where does M. leprae (leprosy) grow?
Peripheral nervous system
How is m. leprae (leprosy) transmitted?
Direct contact and nasal secretions
Both cell mediated (T-cells) and antibodies respond to an infection of M. leprae (leprosy). Which one is effective and which one is now.
T-cells are more effective than antibodies.
The treatment for leprosy is ______.
The prevention of leprosy is ______.
Treatment: multidrug therapy.
Prevention: Killed M. leprosy cells in vaccine.
Is rabies caused by a parasite?
No. A virus.
What virus causes rabies and what is it's morphology?
The Rabies virus is bullet-shaped.
The epidemology of rabies has a reservoir and an end when concerning humans. What are they?
reservoir: can be all mammals.
End: humans are the end of the infectious cycle.
The initial symptoms for rabies are flu-like. Then the rabies virus enters a lifecycle of two phases: excitation and paralytic. Which comes first and which comes second?
Excitation is first than paralytic.
The initial symptoms for rabies are flu-like. Then the rabies virus enters a lifecycle of two phases: excitation then paralytic. A list of symptoms are below. Put the symptoms with the stage:
Muscle noticably weak
signs of neurological symptoms
speech impairment
loss of consciousness
death
hydrophobia
loss of muscle control
Excitation:
neurological symptoms
loss of muscle control
speech impairment
hydrophobia
Paralytic:
muscle weakness
loss of conscisnous
death
What makes bats more dangerous than most other rabies carriers?
The virus can be dormant in bats longer than any other mammal. So bats may not show symptoms so people aren't as alert around a bat as they would be, say, a raccoon that will more likely exhibit abnormal behavior.
What us the best prevention for rabies in domestic animals?
vaccination
What is the best prevention for rabies in wild animals?
Wild animals are an uncontrollable reservoir of rabies. Programs are in place for wild vaccination but the best prevention is avoiding or eliminating animals that show clear signs of rabies.
How can rabies be prevented in humans?
Vaccine
How can rabies be treated in humans?
Immune globulin is given immediately after infection.
What is the mode of transport of rabies from animal to human?
Via saliva during a bite.
After a bite from an animal, where does the rabies virus replicate before becoming moble?
The virus replicates in the muscles bear the bite.
After the rabies virus replicates following initial animal bite, what does it do next?
It transports to the central nervous system via the peripheral nervous system.
The progression of the rabies virus follows this path:
bite/saliva>replication in muscle tissue>moves to central nervous system. What's next?
Travels up the spinal chord to the brain.
After the rabies virus reaches the brain, what condition does it cause?
Fatal encephalitis
After the rabies virus reaches the brain and causes encephalitis, what is it's final destination?
Salivary glands and other organs of victim.
True or false: The incubation period for rabies is 30-50 days.
True.
What virus does the genus lyssavirus contain?
Rabies
Poliomyelitis (caused by the Polio virus or Picornavirus) is best known as the cause of childhood paralysis. this reputation is more out of fear than good understanding, why?
While paralysis sucks, it only occures in 1% of victims.
Since the polio virus causes paralysys in only 1% of it's victims, what symptoms do most victims experience?
Headachs, fever, nauesia.
In it's initial stage, where is polio found and where does it initially multiply?
Mouth and throat.
The pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis (polio) contains four phases:
Alimentry
Lymphatic
Viremic
Neurogical
where does primary mutiplication occur?
Alimentary
The pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis (polio) contains four phases:
Alimentry
Lymphatic
Viremic
Neurogical
In which phase does the virus enter the tonsols?
Lymphatic
The pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis (polio) contains four phases:
Alimentry
Lymphatic
Viremic
Neurogical
At which phase does the virus enter the blood
Viremic
The pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis (polio) contains four phases:
Alimentry
Lymphatic
Viremic
Neurogical
At which phase does the virus enter the central nervous system and extraneural tissue?
Neurogical
What does viermic mean in reference to a viral infestation?
It's when the virus enters the blood. See polio.
Neurogical phase is the fourth and final phase of Poliomyelitis (polio).
Is this phase common and why or why not?
It's not common. The phase before it is the viremic phase where the virus enters the bloodstream. The viremic phase needs to happen persistently to occur and it usually does not.
Neurological phase is the final phase of Poliomyelitis (polio). It is prevented by...?
Low levels of antibodies can prevent spread.
Prevention of poliomyelitis (polio) can be achieved via the use of one of two vaccines. Whatare they and what's the difference. Also, one of them comes with a low level of danger. What is it?
Sabin:
taken orally (OPV)
attenuated (alive, but weakened)
Salk:
injected (IPV)
inactivated virus (dead)
Sabin may cause small cases of a secondary infection.
Note: The WHO has executed an extensive erratication effort.
Why does Arbovirus Encephalitis have that paticulear nomenclature?
Arthropod borone virus. arthropod = mosquito.
What is encephalitis?
Inflammation of the brain.
Out of this incomplete list of symptoms for the Arbovirus, which one does not belong?
fever
trouble urinating
confusion
sleepyness
trouble pissing
Out of this incomplete list of symptoms for the Arbovirus, which one does not belong?
lockjaw
headach
paralysis
coma
lockjaw
Out of this incomplete list of symptoms for the Arbovirus, which ones do not belong?
...an Arthropod borne virus that causes encephalitis.
There are four Arbovirus variants that cause encephalitis, put them in order of most severe and least severe:
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
California Encephalitis (CE)
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
- these first two are most severe in humans
California Encephalitis (CE)
- can be fatal
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
- seldom fatal, relativly minor
There is a variant of Arbovirus Encephalitis that infects the Far East. What is it called?
Japanese B encephalitis
true or false: diagnosing Arbovirus Encephalitis is easier during an epidemic?
TRUTH
True or false: Diagnosing Arbovirus Encephalitis is based on the region where someone lives?
False. It's based on symptoms and case history.
In refernce to arbovirus encephalitis, what does Culex and Aedes mean?
they are the genus of mosquito that can carry it.
Besides mosquitoes what other animal can carry or be a reservoir for Arbovirus Encephalitis?
Birds can be carriers.
Small mammals, birds and horses can be a reservoir.
What is the difference between a vector/carrier and a reservoir of a disease?
A vector is a carrier (mosquito, tick) that takes the disease from an infected individual to an uninfected individual. They do not have the disease themselves, they carry the infected agent such as blood. A reservoir is any thing (person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance) in which a disease lives and can multiply. The disease NEEDS the reservoir in order to survive. A vector must be living but a reservoir can be a non living thing such as soil or water. Neither actually HAVE the disease but are simply transmitters.
What is the treatment for Arbovirus?
Supportive care.
Does Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) have a vaccine?
No. Only Japanese b encephalitis has a vaccine.
How can Arbo Encephalitis be prevented?
Japanese B encephalitis has a vaccine.
Also, the controlling of mosquito populations.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE) can affect cows. What is this called (official and unofficial name)?
What causes Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)?
Prions.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE):
What is a sign that a sheep has what's known as "sheep scrapie?"
The sheep will scrape itself against fences/walls until it's raw.
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
It's a form of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE), a prion that infects humans. This version is believed to be hereditary.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
Sometimes this prion is called Kuru. Where does Kuru exist?
Kuru affects tribes of New Guinea.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
What is a sign of Kuru?
Shaking.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
How is the prion that causes Kuru transmitted?
Via cannibalistic ritual.
What is the most famous form of the prion Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE).
Bovine spondiform Encephalitis (BSE) because of Mad Cow Disease.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
What are two possible causes for Mad Cow?
Some blame a mutated version of Sheep Scrapie and some blame genetic mutation.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
What is one way the United States tries to prevent a spread of Mad Cow (BSE)?
The US prohibits the use of meat from "downer" cows (animals unable to walk).
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
True or false: Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis cannot be passed onto humans.
False.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
How can this prion disease be prevented?
Animal products are screened for Mad Cow and scrape.
Cannibalism is no longer practiced (Kuru).
Blood is screened before transfusion.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE)
What treatments are available for this prion disease? Is it fatal?
Very few treatments exist to fight prions and no treatments exist for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis (TSE). It is chronic and fatal.
What type of virus is the yellow fever virus?
Small RA virus
the vectior for yellow fever is
mosquito
In reference to yellow fever, what does Aedes asgypti refer to?
The mosquito vector
What is the first step in yellow fever infection?
Mosquito bite
The first step in yellow fever infection is the mosquito bite. What is the next step?
Virus travles to lymph nodes and blood
The first step in yellow fever infection is the mosquito bite.
The second step is the travel to lymph nodes and blood.
The third step is mutiplication. Where?
The liver.
For yellow fever, there are two phases. The first is less severe than the second. What are the symptoms of each?
Choose from this list:
Severe fever
Chills
Headach (x2)
weakness
Fever
jaundice
uncontrolled bleeding
First:
fever, headache, weakness
Second:
severe fever, chills, headach, jaundice, uncontrolled bleeding
What is the reservoir for yellow fever?
monkeyes
What is the host defense of yellow fever?
immune after infection
How is yellow fever diagnosed?
Observation of symptoms
How is yellow fever prevented?
Restrict mosquito population
treat standing water
How is yellow fever treated?
line attenuated vaccine for people exposed and for travelers
These symptoms describe what disease?
Symptoms:
fever, headach, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, internal and external bleeding.
Ebola virus
What type of virus causes ebola?
enveloped RNA virus
If left untreated and patient has a compromised immune system, what is the worst case symptom (besides death) for ebola?
destruction of internal organs
True of False: The fatality rate for ebola in untreated victims can be as high as 40%.
False: 90%
True or False: ebola is transmitted via mosquito.
False: transmitted via animal - specifically the fruit bat.
How is ebola transmitted person to person?
Direct contact with blood or bodily fluid.
Ebola can be transmitted animal to person, person to person and a third vector is ______.
Formites.
Formites are.
Inanimate objects such as needles, tabletops, stethoscopes.
What is the prevention and treatment for ebola?
Supportive care.
isolation of patient and proper disposal of infected items to prev ent spread.
What is another name for the Epestein-Barr virus (EBV)?
human Herpesvirus 4
What disease does Epstein-Barr (EBV) cause?
infectious mononucleosis (mono)
EBV/mono's symptoms are:
fever
fatigue
sore throat
and (two more)...
swollen lymph notes
enlarged spleen (that could rupture).
EBV/mono is what type of virus
enveloped DNA virus.
What does EBV/mono first infect?
it's latent in B lymphocytes.
How is EBV/mono transmitted?
Secreted in saliva.
How is EBV/mono diagnosed?
Clinically.
Look for a high number of white blood cells.
Also a presence of enlarged suppressor T cells (which stop proliferation of infected B cells).
What is the prevention and treatment of EBV/mono?
None.
90% of adults have it and it reactivates periodically.
true or false: hantavirus infects the lower respiratory tract?
TRUTH
How does death usually occur for someone with the hantavirus?
Catastrophic lung failure.
Symptoms for hantavirus include all of the following except:
diareer
fever
muscle ach
respritory distress
fluid in airspace
runny bowles
What is another name for the hantavirus
Sin nombre (spanish for no name)
used to be called "four corners virus" until concern over tourism was raised
How is the hantavirus transmitted?
mouse droppings aerosolized
Where is the hantavirus highest occurance?
four corners region.
Also, places with a high rodent population and in rural clusers
True or false: there are no known host defenses for the hantavirus
truth
What are good preventative and treatment measures for the hantavirus?
Keep areas free of rodents and avoid contact with rodents.
The only treatment is supportive care.
Another name for Dengue fever is
breakbone fever
Symptoms of regular dengue fever are
severe muscle and back pain ("breakbone"), fever and a rash
Is dengue fever fatal and how many people are affected?
rarely fatal. 100 million cases a year
There is a strain of dengue fever that has a fatality rate of up to 90% in children. What is it called?
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).
What causes dengue fever, where does it grow and what is it's morphology or composition?
Dengue Virus. Grows virus. white blood cells. It's a RNA virus.
In regard to dengue fever, what does this refer to:
Aedea aegypti
Aedea albopictus
The vector mosquito
true or false: for dengue fever, there is no known animal reservour.
truth
How does dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occur?
The host needs subsequent infections of dengue fever. They combine with antibodies created after first infection.
What are symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHC)?
rash on face and extermities
drop in BP
shock
death
What region of the world does dengue fever occur in?
tropical region
What are the host defenses against dengue fever?
Interferon and antibodies.
Diagnosis of dengue fever includes:
serology
epidemiology
and...
virus isolation and culture.
What type of preventative measures help control the spread of dengue fever?
Mosquito control and trying to prevent mosquito bites.
True or false: the vaccine for dengue fever requires three doses
false: there is no vaccine
Two main types of plague are:
Bubonic and Pneumonic
How can you catch bubonic plague?
rat flea bite
Bubonic plague
why do the rats bite you?
They are starving because bacteria is clogging their digestive tract with a biofilm
Where do bubonic plague bacteria first concentrate in?
lymph nodes
Symptoms of bubonic plague include
high fever
swollen luymph nodes (bubo)
black spots
death
true or false:
bubonic plague is 90% of todays plague cases
true
true or false: bacteria cells of the bubonic plague grow within red blood cells
false: phagocytes
How can you catch pneumonic plague?
inhalation of bacteriaryl cells. they are easially airborn and very dangerous
What is the 24 hour mortality rate of pneumonic plague?
99%
What kind of bacterium causes plague?
Yersinia pestis
What kind of bacteria is the plague Y. pestis?
Gram- coccobacillus rod
Can plague be cultured for diagnosis? (yes or no)
Yes.
What are the prevention and treatments for plague?
antibiotics, eliminate rodents from home, vaccinate scientists working with plague.
Author
elmcityslim
ID
49220
Card Set
microTest3
Description
Microbiology Test Three: Diseases of the Limph, Cardiovas, Skin, Eyes, Nervous Systems
