Bio test 3

Tetrad formation or pairing up of homologous pairs

• It means to get the dominant phenotype all you need is atleast one dominant allele
• Dominant allele will always be exspressed

Redox reactions, what gets oxidized in one is going to be reduced in the other.

• They are the two major photosynthetic reactions.
• Light reaction occurs in the thylakoids
• Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma

• H2o is going into the light reaction, which produces oxygen and ATP and NADPH
• Then the calvin cycle takes that ATP and NADPH and uses co2 to produce G3p

• Thylakoids
• Inner chloroplast membrane

It is those light wave legths that they are absorbing

Those wave lengths of light energy that we were getting photosynthetic activity.

Chlorophyll

• In all photosynthetic eukareyotes you will always have chlorophyll A plus a secondary chlorophyll which is chlorophyll B
• Chlorophyll A and B

It includes 2 chlorophylls A's which are called reaction center chlorophyll A's.

A collection of various light absorbing pigments that are attached to a protein thylakoid membrane

• During the normal noncyclic electron flow your using both photosystems.
• During cyclic electron flow you only use photosystem I.

They refer to reaction under chlorophyll A's, which is there optimal wave length of light they are going to absorb.

ATP

• Noncyclic is the normal light reaction process which involves photosystems IandII
• Cyclic electron flow only involves photosystem I(1) and that very first electron transport chain.

The production of ATP in photosynthesis.

• The most wide spread protien on earth
• the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle.

It is the harmful process that can occur in hot dry conditions as rubisco becomes an oxygenase that switches from carboxilase to oxygenase.

• c4 and Cam plants are plants that evolved additional pathways to deal with the problem of photorespiration
• The basic photosynthetic pathway is called the c3 pathway which is the calvin cycle

• c3
• c4

All cells come from previous cells.

• The complex of DNA and protien that makeup eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Organization od DNA into chromosomes

• Sister chromotids are two identical copys of the same chromosome.
• They are produced in the S-phase which is part of the cell cycle(interphase)

The division of the nucleus which only takes place in eukaryots.

Division of the cytoplasm.

• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase and cytokinesis

• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase

The cromatin coutinues to coil and supercoil, making the chromatin more and more compact. The chromosomes consist of identical paired chromatids.

The nuclear envolope breaks dowm. Kinetochore micotubeles appear and interact with the microtubeles of the spindle, resulting in movement of the chromosomes

the duplicate centromere regions connecting paired chromatids become aligned in plane atthe cells equator.

• each centromere divides, and new chromosomes( each derived from one member of one of paired chromatids) begin to move toward poles.
• sister chromotids are broken apart

The last stage of mitosis, chromosomes become decondenced, and the nuclear envelope forms around each group.

Cytokinesis.

• Equal division of prokasyotic cell into 2; a type of asexaul reproduction
• Cannot be called mitosis

Cell cycle checkpoints( g1, g2, m checkpoints)

• The ploid part of the word refer to chromosome numbers.
• Diploid is two complete sets of chromosomes each set containg 23, so human have 46 chromosomes
• The 2n number refers to the fact that you have one set of chromosomes(23) from dad and one set(23) from mom
• Haploid refer to half that number

• A chromosomes other then the sex chromosomes(X and Y)
• We have 44 or 22 per pair of non sex chromosomes

• Females have 23(XX)they are all homologous pairs.
• Male have 22(XY).

• Is not directly associated with Meiosis
• The fusion of two n gametes; results in the formation of a 2n zygote

• gametic
• zygotic
• sporic-plants

• 90% of the time is spent here
• tetrads are formed

Gregor Mendel

A heritable feature.

Variation within a character.

What allelic combination you have at a specific locus.

Trait.

Position of the gene on the chromosome.

Genes can have more then one form.

A genes consisting of two different.

Two identical copys of the allele.

You dont have two copys, chromosomes dont constitute a homologous pair.

Origanal perantial generation.

the product of the p generation.

the product of the f1 generation.

The dominant allele is going to be completly expressed.

3to1 recessive.

A genetic cross that takes into account the behavior of alleles of two loci.

• Mono - 2 possible dominant or recessive
• Dih - 4 possible phenotypes

• Individuals with dominant phenotype under complete dominance you dony know there genotype
• You know that they have atleast one dominant allele but you dont know how many they have.

• Genes are located at specific places on the chromosome.
• It is actually the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment as described by Mendel.
• This is sometimes called the Suton and Bovary theory.

Genes that are on the same chromosomes.

Alfred Sturterant.

Genes located on a sex chromosomes.