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the gradual decline of the roman empire ushered in an era of european history called...
also called the medieval period
the middle ages
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what three things altered government, economy, and culture?
- 1. disruption of trade
- 2. downfall of cities
- 3. population shifts- became mostly rural
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In the roman province of Gaul, a germanic people called ______ held power
Franks
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The leader of the Franks that eventually brought christianity to this region
Clovis
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to adapt to rural conditions, the church built religious communities called _____
monasteries
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Charles Martels son, pepin the short, began the righn of the frankish rule called the ______
Carolingian Dynasty
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Pepins son, Charles, was known as _____ or Charles the Great
Charlemagne
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a military and politicla system based on land ownership and personal loyalty
feudalism
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Germanic people that were also called Northmen and Norsemen, also worshiped warlike gods
Vikings
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a group of nomadic people attacked europe after the viking invasions declined
Magyars
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Instead of settling on the captured land, what did the magyars do?
captured people to sell as slaves
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a person recieving a fief
vassal
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the feudal pyramid
- 1. king
- 2. nobles and church officials
- 3. knights
- 4.peasants
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mounted warriors who pledged to defend their lords land in exchange for fiefs
knights
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what 3 group did medievil writers classify people into?
- 1. those who fought (nobles and knights)
- 2. those who prayed (men and women of the church)
- 3. those who worked (peasants)
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people who could not lawfully leave the place they were born
serfs
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what was the difference between serfs and slaves?
serfs could not be sold or bought
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the basic economic agreement that rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs
manor system
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what did peasants pay taxes on?
- -all grain ground in the lords mill
- -marriage
- -church
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a tithe represent ____ of their income
1/10
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what did the fuedal lords give the knights in exchange for military service?
land
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a complex set of ideals
the code of chivalry
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the code of chivalry demanded that a knight fought bravely in defense of what 3 masters
- 1. feudal lord
- 2. heavenly lord
- 3. chosen lady
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the ideal knight was ___, ____, ____
loyal, brave, courageous
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poet musicians at the castles and courts of europe
troubadours
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In a feudal system what few things could noblewomen do?
- -inherit an estate from their husband
- -send his knights to war (upon lords request)
- -when her husband was off at war, she could act as a military leader or warrior
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religious officials
clergy
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everlasting life in heaven
salvation
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important religios ceremonies
sacraments
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the law of the church
canon law
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the 2 harshest punishments for violating the canon law were?
excommunication and interdict
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the strongest kingdom after the death of Charlemagne
Holy Roman Empire
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a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
lay inversture
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A compromise that said the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff, symbols of the church office, and the emperor had to right to veto power to prevent the appointment of a bishop
Concordat of Worms
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a practice where the positions in the church were sold by bishops
simony
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an italian man that founded the franciscans (order of friars)
st. francis of assisi
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this pope issued a call for a crusade t0o gain control of the holy land
Pope Urban II
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what was the goal of the crusade?
torecover Jerusalem and ther Holy land from the muslim turks
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what did the kings and the pope see the crusades as?
a time to get rid of the quarrelsome knights who fought each other
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how did the merchants make profit in the later crusades?
- -making cash loans to finance the crusades
- -leased their ships
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a muslim leader that jersulem had fallen under
Saladin
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an english king that was the only king left to regain the holy land in the third crusade
Richard the Lion-Hearted
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long effort to drive the muslims out spain
reconquista
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a tribunal held by the church to supress heresy
inquisition
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people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the church
heretics
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a system whee farmers could grow crops on two thirds of their land each year
three- field system
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an association of people that worked in the same occupation
guild
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a sin that forbid christians from leanding money at interest
unsury
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the everyday language of their homeland
vernacular
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wrote the Divine Comedy in italian
Dante Alighieri
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wrote the Canterberry Tales in english
Geoffrey Chaucer
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a scholar that argued the most basic religious truths could be proven by logical argument
Thomas Aquinas
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duke of Normandy
William the Conqueror
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King Henry II added holdings of land in Normandy and England by marrying _______
Eleanor of Aquitaine
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what 2 goals did the english kings try to accomplish?
- 1. wanted to hold and add onto their french lands
- 2. wanted to strengthen their own power over the nobles and the church
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the most celebrated document in english hostory that was drawn up by english nobles
the magna carta (great charter)
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what did the nobles want out of the magna carta?
to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the kings power
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what are the guarenteed rights of the magna carta?
-no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law
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a legislature group
parliment
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the knights and burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) formed an assembly called ____: while the bishops and lords met seperately at the __________
the house of commons; house of lords
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a powerful capetian that became king at 15 and went out to lessen the power of english kings in france
King Phillip II
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king Phillip established royal officials called _____ to strenghten central government in france
bailiffs
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Philip II's saintly grandson
Louis IX
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Pope Clement V moved from Rome to _______, in France
Avignom
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the split or division in the church
the great schism
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an englishmen that preached the true head of the church was Jesus Christ. He also taught that the bible was the final authority for christian life
John Wycliffe
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a professor of Bhemia taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than the pope
Jan Hus
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who was blamed for bringing on the blubonic plaque by poisoning the wells
Jews
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how many europeans died from the plaque?
25 million
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what war broke out when the last capetian died without a succesor?
hundred years' war
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a french peasant girl that felt moved by God to rescue france from its english conquerors
joan of arc
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