-
what is an injury produced by an external force called?
trauma
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what can trauma affect?
crowns and roots of teeth and alveolar bone
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what may trauma result in?
- fractures of teeth and bone
- injuries (intrusions, extrusions and avulsions)
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what is described as breaking of a part?
fractures
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crown fractures most often involve what teeth?
anterior teeth
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what are some causes of a crown fracture?
accidental fall or motor vehicle accident
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a crown fracture may involve just the ______ or go into the _____
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what do radiographs do for crown fractures?
evaluate the proximity of pulp chamber to fracture and examination of root
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what are some causes of a root fracture?
accident or traumatic blow
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where do root fractures most often occur
maxillary central incisors
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a root fracture may involve more than one ____ on a _______ tooth
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t/f a root fracture may appear later
true
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what does a root fracture look like on a radiograph
sharp radiolucent line
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where do jaw fractures most often occur?
mandible
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what are some causes of a jaw fracture?
assaults, accidents, sports injuries
-
what film is recommended to take for a jaw fracture?
pano film
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what does a jaw fracture appear like on a film?
radiolucent line
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maxillary jaw fractures are _____ to detect on a radiograph
difficult
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trauma may cause ______ of teeth
displacement
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radiographs are used to evaluate what with injures?
- root or alveolar bone fractures
- periodontal ligament damage
- pulpal problems
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what is an abnormal displacement of teeth?
luxation
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what is a displacement of teeth into the bone?
intrusion
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what is the displacement of teeth out of the bone?
extrustion
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what is a complete displacement of a tooth?
avulsion
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what causes avulsion?
trauma from assault or accidental fall
-
what are radiographs helpful for with an avulsion?
evaluate the socket area and examine for splintered bone
-
what is physiologic resorption?
resorption that is seen normally with shedding of primary teeth
-
what is pathologic resorption?
regressive alteration of tooth structure cause by abnormal stimuli
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what are two types of pathologic resorption
external and internal resorption
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where are external resorptions seen?
along periphery of root surface
-
what are 7 causes for external resorption?
- reimplanted teeth
- abnormal mechanical forces
- trauma
- chronic inflammation
- tumors or cysts
- impacted teeth
- idopathic causes
-
what does external resorption affect?
apices (appear blunted)
-
the ____ appear ____ than normal with external resorption
-
with external resorption the _____ _____ and ____ appear normal
lamina dura and bone
-
what are some characteristics of external resorption
- no signs or symptoms
- not detected clinically
- not mobile
- no effective treatment
-
where does internal resorption occur?
within the crown or root
-
what does internal resorption involve (tooth structures)?
pulp chamber, canals and surrounding dentin
-
what is the appearance of internal resorption
round to ovoid radiolucency in midcrown to midroot
-
internal resorption is usually _________
asymptomatic
-
what is the treatment for internal resorption?
- RCT if not weakened
- Extraction
-
what is diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals that results in a pulp cavity decreased in size?
pulpal sclerosis
-
what is pulpal sclerosis associated with?
aging
-
t/f pulpal sclerosis is clinically significant unless RCT is indicated then its not
false-pulpal sclerosis is NOT clinically significant unless RCT is indicated then it IS
-
what is the bodys complete self RC?
pulpal obliteration
-
what is it called when traumatic conditions can act as irritants to pulp and stimulate secondary dentin?
pulpal obliteration
-
what is the radiographic appearance of pulpal obliteration?
no pulp chamber or canals
-
with pulpal obliterations the teeth are ______ and ______ require treatment
-
what are calcifications found in the pulp chamber or canals?
pulp stones
-
what is the cause of a pulp stone?
unknown
-
what is the appearance of a pulp stone?
round, ovoid, or cylindrical radiopacities
-
is there treatment required for pulp stones?
no
-
pulp stones vary in _____, ____ and _____
-
where are periapical lesions located?
around the apex
-
periapical lesions may appear ______ or _______
-
what are three types of radiolucent periapical lesions?
granulomas, cysts and abcesses
-
what are used for diagnosis of periapical radiolucencies
- clinical features
- radiographic and microscopic appearances
-
what is a localized mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a nonvital tooth?
periapical granuloma
-
a periapical granuloma may give rise to what?
cyst or abcess
-
a periapical granuloma may be _______ but has a previous history of sensitivity to ____ and ____
-
what is the treatment for a periapical granuloma
- RCT
- extraction
- curettage or apical region
-
initially on a radiograph the periapical granulama it appears?
as a widened perio ligament space at apex
-
over time what does a periapical granuloma look like?
round or ovoid radiolucency
-
what is not visible between apex and lesion or a periapical granuloma?
lamina dura
-
what is a lesion that develops over a prolonged period and takes place within a granuloma?
periapical cyst (radicular cyst)
-
what does a periapical cyst result from?
pulpal death and necrosis
-
what type of lesion comprises of 50% - 70% cysts in oral region?
periapical cyst (radicular cyst)
-
radiographically what does a periapical cyst appear like?
round or ovoid radiolucency
-
what is the treatment for a periapical cyst?
RCT or extraction
-
what is a localized collection of pus in the periapical region that results from pulpal death?
periapical abcess
-
what may be seen at the apex with a periapical abcess?
gumboil (parulis)
-
what are two types of periapical abscesses
- acute periapical abscess
- chronic periapical abscess
-
what is an acute periapical abscess?
- pus producing process
- inflammation of pulp or chronic infection
-
what are the characteristics of acute periapical abscesses?
- painful, intense, throbbing, constant
- sensitive to pressure, percussion and heat
-
is an acute periapical abcess vital or nonvital
nonvital
-
early signs of an acute periapical abscess show what?
widening of ligament space
-
what is a long standing, low grade, pus producing process?
chronic periapical abscess
-
what may a chronic periapical abscess develop from?
acute abscess or granuloma
-
why is a chronic periapical abscess usually asymptomatic?
because pus drains through bone or the periodontal ligament space
-
what does a chronic periapical abscess look like
round or ovoid radiolucency with poorly defined margins
-
what cannot be seen with a chronic periapical abscess
lamina dura cannot be seen between root apex and lesion
-
what results from a bacterial infection within the walls of the periodontal tissues?
periodontal abscess
-
what does a periodontal abscess result from?
preexisting periodontal condition
-
what is the most common symptom of a periodontal abscess
pain
-
what is the recommended treatment for aperidontal abscess
deep scaling and debridement
-
if you brought a pt in to do quad scaling but you didn't get all of the bacteria out of the pocket what will happen when you send the pt away?
it will heal over the bacteria and get infected
-
what are the three types of periapical radiopacities?
- condensing osteitis (chronic focal sclerosis osteomyelitis)
- sclerotic bone ( osteosclerosis or idiopathic periapical osteosclerosis)
- hypercementosis
-
what is a well defined radiopacity seen below the apex of a nonvital tooth with a history of pulpitis
condensing osteitis
-
a condesing osteitis does not appear to be ______ to the tooth root
attached
-
_____ _____ is needed for condensing osteities
no treatment
-
what is a well defined radiopacity seen below the apices of a vital noncarious tooth?
sclerotic bone
-
what are the causes for sclerotic bone?
unknown
-
sclerotic bone is _____ ____ to the tooth
not attached
-
t/f sclerotic bone is symptomatic
false-asymptomatic
-
what is excess deposition of cementum on root surfaces
hypercementosis
-
what does hypercementosis result from?
supraeruption, inflammation or trauma or no cause
-
what is the appearance of hypercementosis
apex area may appear enlarged or bulbous
-
t/f hypercementosis teeth are vital and require no treatment
true
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