anatomy

o: medial epicondyle of hte jumerus via the common flexor tendon

• a flexion of the wrist
• a: flexion of the phalanges
• a: ulnar deviation, flexor carpi ulnaris
• a: radial deviation, flexor carpi radialis

i: netacarpals, palmar apornerosis, 2nd and 3rd phalanges

• o: medial epicondyle of the humerus
• o: common flexor tendon
• o: coronoid process of the ulna

• a: pronation of the forearm
• a: assists in flexion of the elbow

i: middle of the lateral shaft of the radius

• o: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
• o: radial collateral ligament
• o: annular ligament

a: supination of the forearm

i: proximal 1/3 of the radius

o: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

a: assists with extension of the elbow

i: olecranon process and proximal shaft of the ulna

o: lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon

• a: extension of the wrist
• a: extension of the phalanges
• a: ulnar deviation, extensor carpi ulnaris
• a: radial deviation, extensor carpi radialis longus

• i: extensor carpis: base of the metacarpals
• i: extensor digitorum: 2nd and 3rd phalanges

o: lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus

• a: flexes the elbow
• a: assists in pronation and supination of the forearm when these movements are resisted

i: styloid process of the radius

o: coracoid process of the scapula

• a: flexes the shoulder
• a: adducts the shoulder

i: middle of the medial border of the humerus

o: lower half of the anterior shaft of the humerus

a: flexion of elbow, in all positions

i: tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna

• o: short head: coracoid process of the scapula
• o: long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

• a: flexion of the elbow
• a: supination of forearm
• a: short head: flexion of humerus
• a: long head: assists in abduction of the shoulder when the humerus is laterally rotated

• i: radial tuberosity
• i: bicipital aponeurosis

• o: long head: infraglenoid tubercle
• o: lateral head: posterior surface of the proximal 1/2 of the hummerus
• o: medial head: posterior surface of the distal 1/2 of the hummerus

a: all heads: extend the elbow

i: olecranon process of the ulna

o: anterior: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle

• a: all fibers abducts the shoulder
• a: anterior fibers flexes the shoulder
• a: anterior fibers medially rotates the shoulder
• a: anterior fibers horizontally adducts the shoulder

i: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

o: 3rd to 5th rib

• a: depresses the scapula
• a: abducts the scapula
• a: tilts the scapula anteriorly
• a: may act in forced inhalation

i: coracoid process of the scapula

• o: claviclar head: medial 1/2 of clavicle
• o: sternal head: sternum
• o: costal head: cartilage of ribs 1-6

• sternal head
• a: extends the shoulder
• a: may assist in elevation the thorax in forces inhalation
• a: assists in depression and protraction of the shoulder girdle

• clavicular head
• a: flexes the shoulder

• all heads
• a: adducts the shoulder
• a: medially rotates the shoulder
• a: horizontally adducts the shoulder

i: crest of the greater tubercle and lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus

o: surfaces of the upper 8 or 9 ribs

• a: abducts the scapula
• a: depresses the scapula
• a: holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage
• a: may act in forced inhalation

i: anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula

• o: spinous processes of last six toracic vertebrae
• o: last 3 or 4 ribs
• o: thoracolumnar aponeurosis
• o: posterior iliac crest

• a: extends the shoulder
• a: adducts the shoulder
• a: medially rotates the shoulder
• a: assists in depression of the shoulder girdle

i: crest of the lesser tubercle and the medial lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus

o: lateral side of the inferior angle and lower half of the lateral border of the scapula

• a: extends the shoulder adducts the shoulder
• a: adducts the shoulder
• a: medially rotates the shoulder

i: crest of the lesser tubercle an the medial lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus

o: superior half of the lateral border of the scapula

• a: laterally rotates the shoulder
• a: adducts the shoulder
• a: extends the shoulder
• a: horizontally abducts the shoulder
• a: stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

i: greater tubercle of the facet

o: infraspinatus fossa of the scapula

• a: laterally rotates the shoulder
• a: adducts the shoulder
• a: extends the shoulder
• a: horizontally abducts the shoulder
• a: stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

i: greater tubercle of the humerus/middle facet

o: supraspinatus fossa of the scapula

• a: abducts the shoulder
• a: stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

i: greater tubercle of the humerus/superior facet

• o: middle lateral acromion process
• o: posterior: spine of the scapula

• all fibers
• a: abducts the shoulder

• posterior fiber
• a: extends the shoulder
• a: laterally rotates the shoulder
• a: horizontally abducts the shoulder

i: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

o: transverse processes of C1-C4

• a: elevates the scapula
• a: downwardly rotates the scapula
• a: laterally flees the head and neck
• a: rotates the head and neck to the same side

i: medial border and superior angle of scapula

o: major and minor: spinous processes of C7-T5

• a: adducts the scapula
• a: elevates the scapula
• a: downwardly rotates the scapula

i: vertebral border of the scapula from the root of the spine to the inferior angle

o: spinous processes of T4-T12

• a: depression of the scapula
• a: upward rotation of the scapula

i: root of the spine of the scapula

o: spinous processes of C6-T3

• a: adducts the scapula
• a: stabilizes the scapula

• i: acromion process of the scapula
• i: spine of the scapula

• o: posterior iliac crest
• o: iliolumbar ligament

• unilaterally
• a: elevates the hip
• a: laterally flexes the vertebral column
• a: assists to extend the vertebral column

• bilaterally
• a: fixes the last rib during respiration

• i: 12th rib
• i: transverse processes of L1-L4 lumbar vertebrae

• o: psoas: lumbar vertebrae
• o: iliacus: inner surface of the ilium

• a: flexion of the hip
• a: lateral flexion of the vertebral column when leg is fixed
• a assists with abduction
• a: assists with lateral rotation of the hip

i: lesser trochanter of the femur

• o: lumbar section: vertebral bodis of L1-L3
• o: costal section: inner surface of lower six ribs
• o: sternal section: inner part of xiphoid process

a: draws central tendon downward, flattens central tendon, thus increasing thoracic cavity volume during inspiration

i: central tendon of the diaphragm

o: lower 8 ribs

• a: flexion of the trunk, bilateral
• a: lateral flexion and rotation to opposite side

i: abdominal aponerosis to linea alba and anterior iliac crest

• o: lateral inguinal ligament
• o: iliac crest
• o: thoracolumbar fascia

• a: flexion of the trunk, bilateral
• a: lateral flexion and rotation to the same side

• i: cartilage of bottom 3 ribs
• abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

o: costal cartilages 5, 6, 7 and the xiphoid process

a: flexion of the vertebral column

i: pubic crest, pubic symphysis

o: transverse processes of the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae, anterior tubercles

• a: elevate the ribs during inhalation, bilateral
• a: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the neck to the same side, unilateral
• a: flexion of teh neck

i: 1st rib

o: transverse processes of the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae

• a: elevate the ribs during inhalation
• a: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the neck to the same side

i: 1st rib

• o: top of the manubruim
• o: medial 1/3 of the clavicle

• a: flexion of the neck, bilateral
• a: rotation of the head to opposite side
• a: lateral flexion of the head and neck, unilateral
• a: assists in inhalation

• i: mastoid process of the temporal bone
• i: lateral superior nuchal line of the occiput

o: transverse processes of C1-C4

• a: elevates the scapula
• a: downwardly rotates the scapula
• a: laterally flexes the head and neck
• a: rotates the head and neck to the same side

i: medial border and superior angle of the scapula

• o: transverse process of C1
• o: spinous process of C1
• o: spinous process of C2

• a: nodding and tilting movements of the head
• a: rotation of the head and neck, most rotation occurs with the atlas rotating on the axis

• i: occipital ridge
• i: transverse process of C1

• o: ligamentum nuchae C3-C6
• o: spinous processes of C7-T3

• a: extension of the head and neck
• a: rotation of the head and neck to the same side
• a: lateral flexion, unilateral

• i: mastoid process
• i: lateral nuchal line

o: spinous processes of T3-T6

• a: extension of the head and neck, bilateral
• a: rotation of the head and neck to the same side, unilateral
• a: lateral flexion, unilateral

i: transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae

o: transverse processes of C3-T6

a: extension of the head and neck

i: occiput, between the superior and inferior nuchal lines

• o: external occipital protuberance
• o: medial portion of the superior nuchal line of the occiput
• o: ligamentum nuchae

• bilateral
• a: extends the head and neck

• unilateral
• a: laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side
• a: rotates the head and neck to the opposite side
• a: elevates the scapula
• a: upwardly rotates the scapula

i: lateral one third of the clavicle

o: zygomatic arch

a: elevates the mandible

i: angle and ramus of the mandible

o: temporal fossa and fascia

• a: elevates the mandible
• a: retracts the mandible

i: coronoid process of the mandible

• o: transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
• o: articular processes of lower cervicals

a: extends the vertebral column and head

i: spinous processes of upper thoracic cervicals, except C1

o: sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through cervical verebrae

• a: extends the vertebral column
• a: rotates the vertebral column to the opposite side

i: spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebrae (multifidi span two to four vertebrae; rotatores span one to two vertebrae

o: common tendon, lumborum

• a: extension of the vertebral column, bilateral
• a: lateral flexion, unilateral

• i: transverse processo of lumbar vertebrae 1-3 and posterior surface of ribs 6-12
• i: posterior surface of ribs 1-6, thoracis
• i: transverse processes of lower cervicals, cervicis

• o: common tendon, thoracis
• o: transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae, cervicis and capitis

• a: extension of the vertebral column, bilateral
• a: lateral flexion, unilateral

• i: lower nine ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, thoracis
• i: transverse procsses of cervical vertebrae, cervicis
• i: mastoid process of the temporal bone

• o: spinous process of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, thoracis
• o: ligamentum nuchae
• o: spinous process of C7, cervicis

• a: extension of the vertebral column
• a: lateral flexion

• i: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae, thoracis
• i: spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae except C1, cervicis

• o: long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
• o: long head: posterior surface of proximal half of humerus
• o: medial head: posterior surface of distal half of humerus

• a: extend the elbow, humeroulnar joint
• a: extends the shoulder, glenohumeral joint, long head
• a: adducts the shoulder, glenohumeral joint, long head

i: olecranon process of ulna

• o: coccyx
• o: posterior sacrum
• o: posterior iliac crest
• o: sacrotuberous ligament
• o: sacroiliac ligaments

• a: extends the hip, coxal joint
• a: laterally rotates the hip, coxal joint
• a: abducts the hip, coxal joint
• a: lower fivers adduct the hip, coxal joint

• i: gluteal tuberosity of femur
• i: iliotibial tract

o: external surface of the ilium between iliac crest and posterior and anterior gluteal line

• a: abducts the hip, coxal joint
• a: flexes the hip, coxal joint
• a: extends the hip, coxal joint
• a: may medially rotate and laterally rotate the hip, coxal joint

i: greater trochaner of femur, attaches like a cap

o: external surface of the ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

• a: abducts the hip, coxal joint
• a: medially rotates the hip, coxal joint
• a: flexes the hip

i: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

o: anterior sacrum

• a: laterally rotates hip, coxal joint
• a: abducts the thigh when the hip is flexed

i: greater trochanter

• o: ischium
• o: ischial tuberosity

• a: lateral rotation of hip
• a: when leg is fixed, all lateral rotators function to turn pelvis and trunk toward opposite side
• a: stabilize hip joint

i: greater trochanter of the femur

o: iliac crest, posterior to asis

• a: medial rotation of hip
• a: flexion of hip
• a: abduction of hip

• i: iliotibial tract
• i:continues to lateral tibial tubercle