-
Cells that synthesize nonmineralized bone cortex
Osteoblasts
-
Cells that reabsorb bone
Osteoclasts
-
Stages of bone healing (4)
Inflammation, soft callus formation, mineralization of callus, removal of callus
-
Salter-Harris fractures that cross epiphyseal plate (and thus need ORIF)
III, IV and V
-
Salter-Harris fractures that do not cross epiphyseal plates (and need only closed reduction)
I and II
-
Fractures associated with AVN (3)
Scaphoid, femoral neck, talus
-
Fractures associated with nonunion (2)
Clavicle, 5th metatarsal (Jones fracture)
-
Fractures associated with compartment syndrome (2)
Supracondylar humerus, tibia
-
Biggest risk factor for nonunion
Smoking
-
Nerve for hip adduction
Obturator nerve
-
Nerve for hip abduction
Superior gluteal nerve
-
Nerve for knee extension
Femoral nerve
-
Portion of disc that herniates
Nucleus pulposis
-
Nerve root that causes weak hip flexion when compressed
L3
-
Nerve root that causes weak knee extension and weak patellar reflex when compressed
L4
-
Nerve root that causes weak dorsiflexion and dec sensation to big toe when compressed
L5
-
Nerve root that causes weak plantarflexion and weak Achilles reflex when compressed
S1
-
Treatment of lumbar disc herniation
NSAIDS, heat, rest, surgery (if progressive neuro deficit, refractory symptoms, severe sciatica, or herniated fragments)
-
Motor to intrinsic hand muscles
Ulnar nerve
-
Sensory to all of 5th finger and ? of 4th finger
Ulnar nerve
-
Consequence of ulnar nerve injury
Claw hand
-
Motor to thumb and finger flexors
Median nerve
-
Sensory to most of palm and 1st three fingers on palmar side
Median nerve
-
Nerve involved in carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve
-
Motor for wrist extension, finger extension, thumb extension, and triceps
Radial nerve
-
Sensory to first 3 ? fingers on dorsal side
Radial nerve
-
Motor to biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
-
Motor to deltoid
Axillary nerve
-
Symptoms of C1-4 nerve compression
Neck and scalp pain
-
Symptoms of C5 nerve compression
Weak deltoid, biceps, weak biceps reflex
-
Symptoms of C6 nerve compression
Weak deltoid and biceps, weak wrist extensors, weak biceps and brachioradialis reflex
-
Symptoms of C7nerve compression
Weak triceps, weak triceps reflex
-
Symptoms of C8 nerve compression
Weak triceps, weak intrinsic muscles of hand and wrist flexion
-
Contents of radial nerve
C5-C8
-
Contents of median nerve
C6-T1
-
Contents of ulnar nerve
C8-T1
-
Contents of musculocutaneous nerve
C5-C7
-
Contents of axillary nerve
C5-C6
-
Nerve roots on the superior portion of brachial plexus
Radial
-
Nerve roots on inferior portion of the brachial plexus
Ulnar
-
Treatment of clavicle fracture and AC separation
Sling
-
Indications for surgical repair of scapula fracture
Involvement of glenoid fossa
-
Proximal ulnar fracture + radial head dislocation
Monteggia fracture
-
Distal radius fracture
Colles fracture
-
Treatment of supracondylar fracture (adults and children)
Internal fixation (adults), closed reduction (children)
-
Supracondylar humerus fracture with resulting occluded anterior interosseus artery, then subsequent re-opening of artery and forearm compartment syndrome
Volkmann�s contracture
-
Pain in forearm with passive extension, weakness, tense forearm, and hypesthesia after fracture
Volkmann�s fracture
-
Proliferation of palmar fascia of hand causing 4th and 5th digit contracture
Dupuyten�s contracture
-
Treatment of Dupuyten�s contracture
NSAIDS, steroids, transverse carpal ligament release
-
Median nerve compression by transverse carpal ligament
Carpal tunnel syndrome
-
Tenosynovitis of flexor tendon that catches at MCP joint
Trigger finger
-
Treatment of trigger finger
Splint, sheath steroid injections, release of MCP joint
-
Infections spreading along flexor tendon sheaths
Suppurative tenosynovitis
-
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
-
Infection under nail bed
Paronychia
-
Treatment of paronychia
Antibiotics, removal of nail
-
Infection of terminal joint space of the finger
Felon
-
Treatment of femoral shaft fracture
ORIF with intramedullary rod
-
Treatment of femoral neck fracture
ORIF
-
Damage with lateral knee trauma
ACL, PCL and medial meniscus
-
Knee effusion and pain with pivoting action
ACL injury
-
Diagnostic study required in posterior knee dislocation
Angiogram to eval popliteal artery
-
Treatment of patellar fracture
Long cast, ORIF (if comminuted)
-
Treatment of tibial plateau fracture and tib-fib fracture
ORIF (if closed) ex-fix (if open)
-
Ankle fractures needing ORIF
Bimalleolar or trimalleolar
-
Treatment of metatarsal fracture
Cast or brace 6 weeks
-
Nerve most commonly injured during lower extremity fasciotomy
Superficial peroneal
-
Nerve damage producing foot drop
Common peroneal nerve
-
Structures in anterior leg compartment (1 vessel, 1 nerve, 3 muscles)
Anterior tibial artery, deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibialis, extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus
-
Structures in lateral leg compartment (1 nerve, 1 muscle group)
Superficial peroneal nerve, peroneal muscles
-
Structures in deep posterior leg compartment (2 vessels, 1 nerve, 3 muscles)
Posterior tibial artery, peroneal artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibialis
-
Structures in superficial posterior leg compartment (1 nerve, 3 muscles)
Sural nerve, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
-
Most common bacteria in osteomyelitis
Staph
-
Spinal malformation common in prepubertal females
Idiopathic adolescent scoliosis
-
Indications for surgery in scoliosis
Curves >45 deg or likely to progress (spinal fusion)
-
Tibial tubercle apophysitis caused by traction injury from quadriceps
Osgood-Schlatter disease
-
AVN of femoral head causing painful limping
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
-
Common hip disorder in males aged 10-13 causing painful limp; increases risk of AVN
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
-
Treatment of SCPE
Hip pinning
-
Treatment for congenital dislocation of hip
Pavlik harness
-
Most common bone tumor
Metastatic disease (breast and prostate)
-
Most common primary malignant tumor of bone
Multiple myeloma
-
Treatment of pathologic fractures
Internal fixation, XRT for pain
-
Most common primary bone sarcoma
Osteogenic sarcoma
-
Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma
Limb-sparing resection, chemo, XRT
-
Treatment of benign bone tumors
Observation, or curettage +/- bone graft
-
Subluxation or slip of one vertebral body over another, usually lumbar region
Spondylolisthesis
-
Treatment of cervical stenosis
Surgical decompression (if significant myelopathy is present)
-
Treatment of lumbar stenosis
Surgical decompression (if refractory to medical treatment)
-
Treatment of open fracture
I&D, antibiotics, fracture stabilization, soft tissue coverage
-
Buckling of metaphyseal cortex seen in children
Torus fracture
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