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Aztecs
Settled in Mexico City; conquered by Cortez
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Incas
settled in the Andes; conquered by Spain for gold/silver; almost completely exterminated
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Colombian Exchange
biological swap of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the colonial powers (Europe/Africa) and the colonies (the Americas)
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Favelas/Shanty towns
informal settlements of the edge of the cities; area of makeshift housing without government control, city services.
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Neo-liberalism
privatization, direct foreign investment, few import/export restrictions (less tariffs), business-driven market economy
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underemployment
employed but don't earn enough to live or get by; leads immigrants to move to the US.
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Maquiladoras
assembly plants near the US-Mexico borders; built by foreign investors and earn foreign capital; exported goods to the US; used for it's benefits of lower wages, fewer benefits, and fewer regulations
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mestizo
a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
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Cartel
- a formal organization of produced and manufactured goods; not regulated by the government; increases profits by reducing the competition
- La Familia - southwest Mexico
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Diaspora
the scattering of a particular groups of people over a vast geographical area
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Nacrocorridos
pop songs glorifying drug-trafficking - based out of Mexico, but moved to other Latin American countries
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Mules
people who smuggle small quantities of drugs, usually inside themselves (in their stomach) across national borders.
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Migrant smuggling
illegal entry of person into foreign country of which a person is not a citizen
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coyote
migrant smuggler; paid by undocumented immigrants to smuggle them across the US-Mexican border.
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Neocolonialism
economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly or sometime directly extend their influence over another weaker state.
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off-shore banking
- islands or micro states that offer financial services that are typically confidential and tax-exempt that offer their services to individual and corporate clients for a set fee.
- Bahamas and Cayman Islands
- Used for: privacy, taxation, stability, drug trade, terrorism
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Maroons societies
runaway slaves who established communities rich in African tradition throughout the Caribbean and Brazil.
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creolization
the blending of African, European, and even some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean.
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brain drain
migration of the best-educated people from developing countries to developed nations where economic opportunities are greater.
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capital leakage
gap between the gross receipts an industry brings to a developing country and the amount of capital retained there.
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isolated proximity
a concept that explores the contradictory position of the Caribbean which are physically close to North America and economically dependent upon that region.
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Yanomanmo
native group of people in Brazil; lived apart from the cities; live in the dense Amazon Basin; colonialism never even reached them
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Greater Antilles
4 major islands - Cuba, Jamaica, Hispanola, Puerto Rico
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Hispanola
Haiti and Dominican Republic
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Lesser Antilles
Dozens of Islands, Island Arc (produced by volcanic activity)
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Rimland
coastal zone off the mainland of Central and South America - political strongholds were here due to the ports.
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Transnational Migration
- livelihood between home (where you come from) and the host (where you live now) countries.
- 2 way street - part of the 21st century globalization
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Remittances
money sent by migrants to their families back home; a way of trying to help the country or the region to help the standard or living; helps economically stabilize the other counrtries
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Free-trade zones
industrial parks attracting foreign corporations; The Caribbean has a lot of appeal.
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International Monetary Fund
world's financial system includes about 187 countries; facilitates international trade, promotes sustainable economic growth; increase in employment and decrease in poverty
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Ska Music
dance music; late 1950's; pre-cursor to reggae; Caribbean and US R&B
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Rude Boys
2 tone 1960's adolescents; unemployed, impoverished, associated with delinquency; black and white unity
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3rd wave
US suburban, mixed punk & ska, faster, commercial (Radio and MTV)
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Grand tour
wealthy people would send their children after their education to travel around Europe for a while year.
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Eco-tourism
interest in the environment and desire to benefit the places where we visit; encourages local people to develop tourism in sustainable ways.
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beach tourism
all-inclusive beach resort; all look the same; cater to the desire that you want to go to the beach; the culture doesn't matter
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subsistence agriculture
farming that produces only enough crops or animal products to support a farm family's needs; little sold at local market
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
an agreement made in 1994 between Canada, US, and Mexico that established a 15-year plan for reducing barriers to trade among the 3 countires
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rural-to-urban migration
the flow of internal migrants from rural migrants to cities that began in the 1950's and intensified in the 1960's and 1970's
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primate city
the largest urban settlement in a country that dominates all other urban places, economically and politically; generally the countries capital city
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shifting cultuvation
an agricultural system in which plots of land are farmed and then abandoned for a number of years until fertilization is restored, at which point they are again brought under cultivation
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