Bio Quiz 3

Our universe, Galaxy and Earth came about because matter and energy was suddenly distributed outward from a single explosion point. 13-15 billion years ago

Universal expansion, Galaxies are still moving apart from one another; cyclical process.

was composed of molten surface, lava, meteorites. Some molecules were also found like Carbon, Methane H2O. (no organic compounds)

Used to test whether compounds could have formed spontaneously on earth. Non- Organic templates to make Organic Templates

• -Amino acids were dissolved in sea water (positive charge)
• -Positively charged amino acids became attracted to negatively charged amino acids and stuck together,
• -Then radiated by the suns light energy, initiated bonding of amino acid into the very first peptide chain.

• (amino acid in water)
• Super heated mineral rich water getting expelled as steam

• Phosphate head
• 2 fatty acid tails

Membrane bond enclosed sac of molecules that capture energy, concentrates material , engages in metabolism and replicates itself.

Thought that the earliest form of genetic material were RNA, because it functioned as the first molecule that stored genetic code and functioned like an enzyme

• 1) rRNA Catalyze peptide bond formation
• 11) Ribozymes cut and splice RNA molecules during transcription

Accumulation of organic molecules, like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids etc...

The first cells made ATP by aerobic pathways

Common ancestors of bacteria were, archeans and eukaryotes. (formation of 3 domains)

photosynthesis evolved independently in some bacterial and archean groups

Origin of endomembrane system, including nuclear envelope developed.

Mitochondria developed

Later plants, fungi and animals evolved

Disease causing agent

Non- cellular infectious particles that cannot replicate on their own

• -You can have a RNA or DNA (heritable material)
• -Protein Coat
• -Some have envelope, some do not, this correlates to their method of infecting

Viruses that infect bacteria or archeans. They have a complex structure. Their DNA is located in the "head", protected by a protein coat . They have Sheath and Fiber Tails

Are naked (non-enveloped) viruses that infect animals. Their protein coat has a distinctive protein spike @ each corner. (Some infections: Hepatitis, Polio, Common cold, Warts)

• Allows recognition. Manipulates, Transcripts and is translational. (Key and Lock)
• Many have RNA as an internal component
• (Some infections: Bronchitis, HIV, Rabies, Mumps)

Viruses are descendants of cells that were parasites inside other cells.

Parasites are genetic elements that escaped from cells.

Viruses represent a separate evolutionary branch.

• have 2 life cycles.
• I. Lytic Pathway
• II. Lysogenic Pathway

DNA and some enzymes will insert and manipulate the host immediately, to generate new copies. The virus will replicate, re-assemble and burst out of the cell. (Lysis)

The virus enters the host chromosome, and can sit inactive for an extended period of time. Then replicating and entering the lytic pathway. (only some viruses will take this pathway)

Circular Bacteria DNA

• I. Often have outer compound, protein lipid projection called Keys
• II. Virus enters the cell and releases RNA into the nucleus, to do reverse TRANSCRIPTION, with reverse TRANSCRIPTASE (enzymes)
• III. Viral DNA will get integrated into the host cells.

• I. Protein envelope
• II. Virus can't replicate alone, cells can.
• III. No organelles
• IV. Some viruses just have RNA; cells have RNA and DNA
• V. Viruses are incredibly small.

• I. Carry genetic Material
• II. Made out of proteins and lipids (organic molecules)

• Simplest forms of life
• - no nucleus
• -has great metabolic diversity

• 1. Photoautotrophic
• 2. Chemoautotrophic
• 3. Photoheterotrophic
• 4. Chemoheterotrophic

Use light energy to to build organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Get energy by removing electrons from inorganic molecules. They use this energy to build organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. All are Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes that use light energy to obtain carbon by breaking down organic compounds in the environment

Get both carbon and energy by breaking down organic compounds. Some protist, and all are animals and fungi.

A parent cell replicates its single chromosome, and this DNA replica attaches to the plasma membrane adjacent to the parent molecule.(Asexual)

Involves transfer of plasmid between prokaryotic cells through use of sex pilis.(sexual)

Acquiring DNA by taking it up from the environment (Rat experiment with pneumonia strains )