protostomes

• · Inhabit digestive tract and/ or liver
• · Complex life cycles with intermediate hosts
• · Monoecious (most); some dioecious

Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke)

• · Marine (most) or freshwater
• · Move via cilia or undulation
• · Have ocelli (eyespots)
• · Monoecious (One individual can produce both egg and sperm)

Turbellaria (turbellarians), Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms)

• · Acoelomate
• · Unsegmented
• · Dorsoventrally flattened body
• · Gastrovascular cavity or no digestive tract
• · Some free-living; most parasitic

• · Have lophophore
• · Marine (most)
• · Colonial
• · Reproduce sexually and asexually

Phylum: Ectoprota (bryozoans), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Rotifera (rotifers), Nemertea (ribbon worms), Phoronida (phoronids), Brahciopoda (brachiopods), Annelida (segmented worms), Mollusks

have an exoskeleton (chitin) or a cuticle; must undergo ecdysis to grow

possess a lophophore or have a tropchophore larval stage

• -Lophotrochozoans
• -Ecdoysozoans