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What are 4 types of glomerulonephritis most commonly associated with nephritic syndrome? (descending order)
- 1. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- 2. Crescentic glomerulonephritis
- 3. IgA nephropathy
- 4. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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What are 3 things we need for know before performing a renal biopsy?
- 1. Bleeding time (platelet count, PT) - patients with uraemia may have prolonged bleeding
- 2. Blood pressure
- 3. Anatomy of kidneys (U/S required)
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Describe the pathogenesis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
- Antigens deposit in glomerular capillaries, commonly reside between glomerular membrane and podocytes
- Antibodies bind to antigens and form immune complexes
- Complement is activated (C3a & C5a) and they are chemotactic for leukocytes
- C3a & C5a cause histamine release from mast cells, leading to increased vascular permeability
- C5b-C9 complex directly damages glomerular membrane
- Intercellular adhesion molecules causes adhesion of cells to endothelium
- Podocytes are damaged and retract
- Blood and protein enters Bowman's space
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Name 5 types of glomerulonephritis associated with nephrotic syndrome.
- 1. Membranous glomerulonephritis
- 2. Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
- 3. Minimal change disease
- 4. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- 5. Diabetic glomerosclerosis
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Name 3 clinical problems associated with proteinuria.
- Hypercoagulability -- e.g. renal thrombus
- Increased infection risk
- CVD
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Name 4 common causes of membranous glomerulonephritis.
- SLE
- Drugs e.g. gold, NSAIDS, captopril
- Infections e.g. hep B, malaria
- Cancers e.g. carcinoma, melanoma, leukaemia
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Name 2 types of glomerulonephritis associated with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities.
- IgA nephropathy - Berger's disease
- Thin basement membrane disease
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