Ch 9

• the complete collection of that organisms' genetic information. This info exists in units called genes that lie along DNA's double helix

deoxyribonucleic acid, a long, vanishngly thin molecule.

• DNA is devided and packaged into units called chromosomes -= 46 chromosomes
• Chromosomes are made of chromatin
• Chromotin - Molecular complex, composed of DNA and associated proteins, that makes up the chromosome.

• A duplicated chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids that are genetically identical
• When a cell is not dividing, the chromatin (DNA and associated proteins) is in uncondensed form
• At the time of cell division, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

• Same in size and function
• 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
• ex. chrom 1 inherit form our mother, and it contains a set of genes very similar characterists to those that lie on chrom 1 from our father.

• Females have 23 pairs of homologous chrom, 22 autosomes, and 1 pair of homologus X sex chromosoems.
• Males have 22 pair of homologues autosomes, and 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chrom.

is the separation of a cell's duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis.

4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

the repeating pattern of growht, genetic duplication, and divison seen in most cfells.

2 Phases: Interphase(DNA replication but not yet condensed into chromosomes) and Mitotic phase ( mitosis and cytokinesis)

Chromatin has condensd into chromosomes

Chromosomes are in duplicated form

Nuclear envelope is starting to break up

centrosomes - outside the nucleus, structure that that organizes the assembly of microtubules. As centrosomes move to the cellular poles they are sprouting microtubules that are forming a globe inside the cell stretching it out plus attaching microtubules to sister chromatids (forming mitotic spindle ) and alinging tham at the metaphase plante

The sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved toward opposite poles of the cell

Each chromatid is now a full-fledged chromosome

The chromosomes unwind.

Nuclear envelope form

Mitotic spindle disapear

Two daughter nuclei are present in one elongating cell

A controctile ring of protein filaments forms a cleavage furrow at teh euqator of the cell







The ring contracts until the parent cell is pinched in two

duplicated DNA is wraped around an associated protein making a chromatin that condences into a chromosome.

during grows, replace lost or damaged cells, repair injuries

Interphase

Phrophase

Pulling sister chromatids apart