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1872 was established to encourage settlement in the sparsely populated western states; allows companies or individuals regardless of whether they are U.S. or foreing to stake mining claims on federal land.
General Mining Law
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Elements and compunds that occur naturally in the earth's crust are called:
Minerals.
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Represents a mixture of minerals are:
Rock.
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Rock that contains enough minerals in it that it can be mined at a profit is called:
Ore.
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____ contain relatively large amounts of a specific mineral while ____ contain lesser amounts.
High-grade ores; low-grade ores.
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____ are those that contain metal. i.e. gold, silver, iron, copper, aluminum
Metallic minerals.
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____ do not contain metal. i.e. phosphate, salt, gypsum, sand.
Nonmetallic minerals.
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Recovering mineral and energy resources near the surface by removing the soil, subsoil and overlying layers (strata) of rock.
Surface mining.
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The extraction of minerals and energy resources from deep underground deposits.
Subsurface mining.
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Minerals are found concentrated in the Earth's crust. What natural processes allow this occurrence?
- 1. Sedimentation of minerals
- 2. Evaporation of water
- 3. Hydrothermal processes
- 4. Magmatic concentration
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A process in which minerals may be deposited on riverbanks, deltas, and the ocean floor.
Sedimentation.
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If ____ of water occurs, significant amounts of minerals (salts) may be left behind.
Evaporation.
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In ____, hot water from the earth serves to dissolve minerals from the rocks and deposits them elsewhere.
Hydrothermal processes.
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____ is formed when liquid magma containing minerals cools.
Magmatic concentration.
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Mineral deposits are ____, _____, and ____.
discovery, extraction, and processing.
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The material removed from the surface in surface mining (including strip mining) to get to the minerals.
Overburden
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One type of surface mining in which a trench is dug to recover the minerals.
Strip mining.
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The hill of loose rock formed when overburden is put back in the hole it came from.
Spoil bank.
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The melting of ore to separate impurities from the desired mineral.
Smelting.
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Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
Acid mine drainage.
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The unused portion of the material that comes out of the mine. This may be 80% or more of the mined material and can be left in giant piles and may be full of toxic materials.
Tailings.
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____ mining disturbs the land more extensively than ____ mining, but ____ mining is more expensive and dangerous.
Surface mining; subsurface mining; subsurface mining.
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Gasses from smelting interfere with native plants' biology. This could lead to reduced growth, impacts on reproduction, and ability to germinate.
Air pollution.
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Lands degraded by mining are:
Derelict lands.
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The use of specific plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials in the soil; is being tried to remove heavy metals from former mining operations.
Phytoremediation.
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No federal law is in place that requires restoration of derelict lands other than ____.
Coal mines.
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The U.S. and Canada have about __% of the world's population, but consume about __% of many of the world's metals.
5.1%; 25%.
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Identified mineral deposits that are currently profitable to extract are:
Mineral reserves.
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Deposits of low-grade ores that would be unprofitable to extract using today's technology are:
Mineral resources.
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Search for substitute minerals that can be used for the same purpose as those in short supply is:
Mineral substitution.
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Finding ways to extend our current mineral supply.
Mineral conservation.
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Use the same product over and over is:
Reuse.
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Used items are collected, remelted, and reprocessed into new goods is:
Recycling.
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Recycling aluminum cans saves the equivalent of about ____ of gasoline.
6 ounces.
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Currently the U.S. recycles about __% of it's aluminum cans.
55%
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Advantages of recycling:
- 1. Extends life of mineral resources
- 2. Reduces amount of disruption due to mining activities
- 3. Reduces solid waste disposal.
- 4. Reduces energy consumption
- 5. Reduces pollution by:
- - becoming a low-waste society
- - producing durable products
- - sustainable manufacturing
- - dematerialization
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Getting rid of throw-away mentality is:
Becoming a low-waste society.
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Industry works to minimize waste and make usable waste available to other manufacturers; is called:
sustainable manufacturing.
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Sustainable manufacturing where resources are used efficiently and waste may be used as a potential product; is called:
Industrial ecology.
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Industry trying to mimic natural ecosystems is called:
Industrial ecosystems.
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Recycling: Resource recovery is ____ and waste is ____.
Maximized, minimized.
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Industry works to minimize waste and make usable waste available to other manufacturers; is called:
Sustainable manufacturing.
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Decrease in the weight and size of products over time; is very evident in automobiles; is called:
Dematerialization.
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If mineral supplies are to last and if our standard of living is to remain high, consumers must decrease their consumption. To accomplish this, manufacturers must make high-quality products that can be repaired. Is this happening?
No, we are going in the opposite direction!
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The process of a product becoming obsolete and/or non-functional after a certain period or amount of use in a way that is planned or designed by the manufacturer; is called:
Planned obsolescence; built-in obsolescence.
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We see many examples of ____ where research actually goes into determining how short the life span of a product may be.
planned obsolescence.
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We live in a ____. We push disposable items (diapers, razors, pens, lighters, you name it!) which wastes tremendouse energy and resources.
"throw-away" society
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