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Decision-Making
The process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options and making determinations about specific organizational goals and on-going courses of action
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Heuristics
Rules of thumb that simplify decision making (medication)
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Prior-Hypothesis Bias
Use of strong prior beliefs among two variables
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Representativeness Bias
Generalize from a small sample
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Illusion of control bias
The tendency to overestimate one's own ability to control activities and events (tragic drinking stories)
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Escalating Commitment Bias
Tendency to commit additional resources to a situation even though evidence shows that the project is failing (Challenger)
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Programmed decision making
A routine, virtually automatic process that follows established rules or guidelines.
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Nonprogrammed decision making
Required for those nonroutine decisions. Made in response to unusual or novel opportunities and threats
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Reasoned judgement
A decision that takes time and effort to make utilizing conceptual, human and technical skills.
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Six steps in nonprogrammed decision making
- 1. Recognize the need for a decision
- 2. Generate alternatives
- 3. Assess alternatives
- 4. Choose among alternatives
- 5. Implement chosen alternative
- 6. Learn from feedback
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LEEP
Evaluate alternatives: Legal? Ethical? Economically feasible? Practical?
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Group decision making
The process of drawing upon the combined skills (conceptual, human, and technical) competencies, and accumulated knowledge of group members and thereby improve the ability to generate feasible alternatives and make good decisions
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Groupthink
A pattern of faulty and biased decision-making that occurs in groups whose members strive for agreement among themselves at the expense of accurately assessing information relevant to a decision
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Entrepreneurship
Noticing an opportunity to satisfy a customer need and then deciding how to find and use resources to provide a product/service that satisfies the need
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Intrapreneurship
The establishment inside of an organization of a learning environment encouraging employees to identify opportunities, solve problems, and provide customers with new and improved goods/services
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High Performance Planning
An essential managerial task and process that managers use to identify and select appropriate goals (big picture) and courses of action (ongoing picture) for the organization
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Management
The planning, organizing, leading and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
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Planning
Choosing appropriate organizational goals and courses of action to achieve these goals
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Strategy
A cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue (big picture and smaller picture) what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals
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Long-term
Five years or more, corporate level plans
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Intermediate
1-5 years, business level plans
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Short-term
One year or less, functional plans
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SWOT Anallysis
A planning exercise to identify strengths(S) and weaknesses(W) inside an organization and opportunities(O) and threats(T) in the environment
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Michael Porter's Strategies to Gain Competitive Advantage
- 1. Low Cost
- 2. Differentiation strategy
- 3. Focused low-cost strategy
- 4. Focused differentiation strategy
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