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Prenatal Development is influenced by (2)
Biological and environmental
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During what stage does zyogote becomes a mass of cells that implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form
germinal
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Explain the germinal stage.
zyogote becomes a mass of cells that implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form
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During what stage does most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form, making it a period of great vulnerability?
Embryonic
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Explain the Embryonic Stage.
most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form, making it a period of great vulnerability
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During what stage does organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function, as the fetus reaches the age of viability around 22-26 weeks.
Fetal
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Explain the Fetal Stage.
organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function, as the fetus reaches the age of viability around 22-26 weeks
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What increases newborns risk for birthcomplications and neurological deficits?
Maternal Malnutrition
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What drugs comsumed by the mother will have a negative effects on prenatal development
Alcohol and Tabacco
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Motor Development follows what two trends?
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal
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what does Cephalocaudal mean?
Head to foot
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what does proximodistal mean?
Center-outward
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maturation and exploration are ________ aid in early progerss in what development?
environment, and motor skills
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who proposed that children evolve through four stages of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
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what major achievement of the sensorimotor period(birth to 2) is development of ____________
Objective permanene
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Explain the four pieces of the childrens thought processes from ages 2-7
Centration, aminism,irreversibility,egocentrism
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what operational period do children develop the ability to perform operations on mental representations?
Concrete
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what operational period thoughts become more systematic abstract and logical
formal
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Explain the Social cultural theory.
asserts that children's cognitive development is shaped by social interactions, language development, and cultural factors
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who stated the socialcultural
lev Vygotsky
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Children acquire their cultures cognitive skills through collaborative dialogues with ____________
more experience members of their society
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what is attachment
refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
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who showed that reinforcement is not the key to attachment
Harry Harlow
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who showed that infant-mother attachments fall into what three categories:
Ainsworth, (1) secure, anxious-ambivalent and avoidant
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Infants with a relatively secure attachment tend to become ..?
resilient, competent toddlers with high self-esteem
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what theory proposes that individuals progress through three levels of moral reasoning
kohlsberg's
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________ reasoning focuses on acts consequences, _______ reasoning on the need to maintain social order, and ______ reasoning on working out a personal code of ethics
1. precoventional 2. Conventional 3. Post conventional
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who stated the theory proposes that individuals evolve throught ____ stages over the life span
Erikson, and eight
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what are the eight stages of eriksons stages for childhood
trust vs. mistrust, antonomy vs. self doubt, intiative vs. guilt
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what is puberty?
it is the stage during which the primary sex characteristics develop fully
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why is puberty happen earlier ?
improvements in nurition and medical care also because they are left alone by themselves and they have to learn to take care out themselves at a earlier age
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what is the last area of the brain to fully mature and this maturation is not complete until late adolescence or early adulthood
prefrontal cortex
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who stated that the main challenge of adolescence is the struggle for a sense of identity
erikson
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who stated that adolescents deal with their identity crisis in four ways
1. forclosure 2. moratorium 3.identity diffusion 4. identity achievement
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Explain temperament
durable disposition to behave in a particular way across a variety of situations
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state family transitions
mariage/expectations,children,stress from adolescents, and empty nest
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explains physiological changes
vision and hearing acuity decline, menopause, brain weight, dementias
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explain cognition
IQ still stable, memory loss and speed in cognitive processing slows, high level of mental activity can retard declines
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the memory losses associated with aging are moderate and may be mostly due to declining__________
a working memory
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