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prejudice
negative prejudgement of a group of people and its individual members
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discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people
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social identity theory
"we"
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minimal groups
the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups
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in-group bias
tendency to favor one's own group
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authoritarian personality
predisposed to follow the dictates of a strong leader and traditional, conventional values
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scapegoat
one that bears the blame for others
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stereotype
belief about personal attributes of a group of people-sometime overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
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stereotype threat
disruptive concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype-as opposed to self-fulfilling prophecy, the effects are immediate.
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jigsaw group
- pupils are divided into small groups, mixed by race and by ability, to work co-operatively on a task, Members with the same role from each group gather in "expert groups" to discuss their sections. They then return to their own groups and take turns to present what they have learnt to their own groups. They are
- then assessed individually on all sections of the material. This division of responsibilities means that students are motivated to listen to each other each of them experiences a role in which they are valuable to others
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superordinate goal
shared goal that necessitates a cooperative effort; the goal overrideds people's differences
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conformity
change in behavior or belief to accord with that of others
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compliance
yeilding to the will of others
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acceptance
to give admittance or approval to
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Normative social influence
one form of conformity. the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
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infomational social influence
- Type of conformity.
- When a person is in a situation where s/he is unsure of the correct way to behave, s/he will often look to others for cues concerning the correct behavior
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obedience
acting in accordance with a direct order
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reactance
an emotional reaction in direct contradiction to rules or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms
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central route to persuasion
interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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counterargument
opposing arguement
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peripheral route to persuasion
people are influenced by accidental cues,. such as speaker's attractiveness
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Yale model
source, message, means, and audience
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discrepency
A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts
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public commitment
goes hand in hand with cognitive dissonence, we are more accountable if we make the commitmenr publically
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reference group
group to which another individual or group is compared
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forewarning
to inform in advance
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inoculation
2 components. The first is threat, which provides motivation to protect one's attitudes or beliefs. Refutational preemption is the second component . Refutational preemption is the cognitive part of the process. It is the ability to activate one's own argument for future defense and strengthen their existing attitudes through counterarguing.
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true group (Shaw's defintion)
2 or more people
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social facilitation
the tendency for people to be aroused into better performance on simple tasks (or tasks at which they are expert or that have become autonomous) when under the eye of others, rather than while they are alone
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social inhibition
a conscious or unconscious constraint or curtailment by a person of a process or behaviour that the person may consider objectionable in a social setting
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Zajonc's theory based on arousal
mere exposure: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to a stimulus brings about an attitude change in relation to the stimulus
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social loafing
tendency for people to exerpt less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when the individual is held accountable
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free rider
people who benefit greatly from the group but give little in return
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