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What is ageism?
Prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older people based on age. A way of devaluing older people and not allowing them to be individuals with unique ways of living their lives. Does not exist in all cultures.
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What are some common prejudices about old people?
- Old people are sick.
- Old people are forgetful.
- Old people need help.
- Old people live in nursing homes.
- Old people fall down.
- Old people cannot hear.
- Old people just sit around and do not have much fun.
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What is elderspeak?
Speech that is modified when talking to an older person. Babytalk.
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What are some examples of elderspeak?
slower rate, fewer clauses. more repetition, exaggerated intonation. elevated pitch and volume, more two-syllable words
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What is elder's perception of elderspeak?
demeaning, patronizing, implying incompetence, infantizing
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What does the Beauty Culture say is required to be a valuable member of society?
Youthful, thin, athletic, symmetrical
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What are aging outcomes related to beauty?
- negative - low esteem, questioning worth, depression, social withdrawal
- Positive - less pressure and worry, can be themselves, feel accepted for who they are
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What percentage of baby boomers believe that working past retirement age is an ideal plan?
71%
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What percentage of baby boomers say they want to go between work and leisure?
38%
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What percentage of baby boomers say they want to work part time?
17%
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How will baby boomers stay working longer?
make modifications, honor life long achievements, create a sense of community, enhance workplace quality, reinforce feelings of value, adopt phased retirement, support engagement
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What is a theoretical framework?
The lens through which the researcher asks questions, analyzes data and reports findings
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What are questions to be asked with the review of literature?
- Is it relevent?
- Is it current?
- Is there a gap?
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What are questions that should be asked when reviewing the procedure of a study?
- How was the study carried out?
- What was done with the data?
- How was the data analyzed?
- Who was involved?
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What is the difference between qualitative instrumentation and quantitative?
- Qualitative - uses interviews, focus groups, ethnographer, focus is on trustworthiness
- Quantitative - surveys, questionnaires, scales, focus is on reliability, validity
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What is the relationship between theory, research and practice?
Theory and research inform practice. They improve nursing care, improve patient outcomes and improve health care delivery system
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Why do we need research?
To support our interventions
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What is an example of research overcoming tradition based practice?
Trendelenburg position
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What are the scopes of nursing practice?
- How individuals/families adapt to health and illness
- How the physical, psychological and sociocultural environments affect health and illness
- Physical and interpersonal interventions that assist individuals/families maintain health and manage illness
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What is evidence based practice?
A problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the use of best evidence in combination with a clinician's expertise as well as patient preferences and values to make decisions about type of care provided
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What is the goal of evidence based practice?
improve patient outcomes
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What does evidence based practice integrate?
- *A systematic search for and clinical appraisal of the relevant evidence
- *One's own clinical expertise
- *Patient preferences and beliefs
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What is the importance of EBP
- *Keeps nursing care current
- *Ensures highest quality of patient care
- *essential for magnet status
- *Ensures reimbursement for nursing services
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What are the steps of EBP?
- 1. Ask the burning question
- 2. Collect the most relevent and best evidence
- 3. Critically appraise the evidence
- 4. Integrate the evidence with your expertise, patient preferences and values
- 5. Evaluate the decision or change
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What are the levels of evidence in EBP?
- I. Reviews of RCTs, metaanalysis of RCTs or practice guidelines based on RCTs
- II. Evidence from at least one RCT
- III. Well designed controlled trials with randomization
- IV. Case control and cohort studies
- V descriptive and qualitative studies
- VI single descriptive or qualitative studies
- VII Experts in area or reports of expert committees
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What is a systematic review?
- A summary of evidence on a particular topic, typically by an expert or expert panel that uses a process of identifying, appraising and synthesizing studies to answer a specific clinical question.
- Eg. Cochrain
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What is meta analysis?
a process of using quantatative methods to summarize results from multiple, critically reviewed studies to answer a specific question
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What is a RCT
a randomized control trial - one where subjects are randomly assigned to an experemental or control group
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What are some ways to critically appraise evidence?
- *Are the results of the study valid?
- *Are the results of the study repeatable?
- * how was the data analyzed?
- *Are the results generalizable to your patients?
- *Do the results fit with previous research in the area?
- *What does this research mean for my patients?
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What is the definition of research?
A systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge
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What are three types of research?
- *Knowledge generating
- *Translational research
- *Evidence based practice
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What are three research methods?
- *Quantitative
- *Qualitative
- *Triangluation - uses both methods
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What is the estimated number of deaths due to medical error?
44,000 - 98,000
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What is the major barrier to making progress in safety and quality?
Failure to appreciate the complexity of the work
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What are 4 slips that are made that contribute to errors
- *Capture - more frequently used routine takes over
- *Description - right action, wrong object
- *Associative activation - phone when doorbell
- *Loss of activation - forget why
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What are factors that divert attention?
- Physiologic
- Psychological
- Environmental
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What is hindsite bias?
simplifying explanations when something goes wrong after the fact
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How has accountability for healthcare workers changed?
From performing perfectly with no errors to speaking out about patient safety issues, voluntarily reporting errors, sharing personal knowledge
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What is a second story?
giving details of all aspects surrounding a given situation
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