-
centralist view
- adaptory reasons
- we have them because it helps us survive
- escape threat
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functionalist view
- motivates organism to behave in certain ways
- force your attention, motivate you
- innate
- distinct set of emotions
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cross-sepcies similarity of expression
- darwins evolutionary approach
- see same rxns in other animals
- there is a continum of emotion
- NOT part of Darwin idea is that emotion is used for comm.
- serviceable associated habits
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serviceable associated habits
- emotion states induce actions
- anger leads to biting axn –> show teeth
- habits that become associated with the emotional state because they become apart of that fxn
- overtime, form habit of making expression when angry others use this as signal of your emotional state.
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Duchenne
first to put a book of emotional facial expressions
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Modern approaches
- cross-cultural studies
- New Guinea studies
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cross-cultural studies (Ekman and Izard)
- 60-98% agreement across cultures
- fear sometimes confused with surprise
-
New Guinea Studies
- more than chance, facial expression shared across cultures
- distinct facial expressions for SOME emotions
-
Blind and Deaf children
if innate then must see early and in those of deaf and blind
- in study:
- • surprised expression when the doll fell on her back
- • smiled when realized it was toy
- • demonstrated anger
- • temper tantrums were evident
-
facial feedback
- Strack et al Exp (1988)
- facial expressions can feedback your emotional response
- ppl thought the cartoon was funnier when they held the pen with their teeth creating a smile
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appraisal
- "sense judgements"
- unconsciously
- ongoing process
- always changing
-
cognitive appraisals
Magda Arnold's theory
-
Magda Arnold's theory
perception –> appraisal –> emotion
-
social constructivist perspective
- emotions are social roles (social perscribed way to behave, you learn from them)
- learn from culture
- no basic or innate emotions
-
social constructivist perspective problems
- continuity btn animals and humans
- emotional behaviors in infants
- universality of some facial expressions
-
social constructivist reconsidered
- weaker version
- culture –> appraisal –> emotion
- culture influences appraisal
- culture –> emotional behavior (ex. display rules)
- culture influence how much of an emotion you would show
- culture can affect cognitive appraisal and facial expression
-
Cues to Catching lies
- hesitation
- discrepancy w/ voice and facial expression
- drop in a voice
- shrugs
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