Medical Terminology

same

controlling, stopping

steady state or continual blancing act of the body system

hem/o, hemat/o

lymph/o, lymphat/o

disease

producing

disease producing agent

defending the body against disease via immune respose

body's defense mechanisms

blood

one who studies

one who studies blood

safety, protection

study of

the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the body's mechanisms

the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs

specialist in the fieldo f immunology

flow through separate yet interconnected channels. Both contain vessles and liquids

complex set of levels of protection for the body; includes blood and lymph cells

blood

formation

the process of blood formation.

cell from which all blood cells originate

blood

red

cell

red blood cell RBC

white

cell

white blood cell WBC

clotting, clot

cell

clotting cells, cell fragments, or platelets

blood

protein substance

protein-iron pigment in RBC

bone marrow

red

forming substance

hormone from the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow formation

blood

iron substance

decomposed RBC into an iron pigment

blood

breaking down

break down of RBCs

shape

study of

the study of shape or form (detection of abnormal RBCs)

little grain

cell

polymorphonucleocyte; PMNs or polys; have small grains within the cytoplasm and multilobed nuclei

many

shape

nucleus

cell

rosy-colored

attraction

(eosinios); cells that absorb an acidic dye and turn red. Positive response for defense against allergens and parasites.

neutral

attraction

• do no absorb acidic or basic dyes, thus purple
• a.k.a. phagocytes, thus combat bacteria in pyogenic "invasions"

eat, swallow

cell

consume the enemy and remove the debris

base

attraction

cells that absorb a basic dye; stain bluish. combat parasites. release histamine and heparin; heal damaged tissue

exp. heparin

without

little grain

cell

lack of granules; a.k.a. mononuclear leukocyes = have one nucleus

one

cell

cells named for single large nucleus

matured monocytes; eat pathogens & effective against severe infections

lymph

cell

(lymphs); immune response involving antigens(foreign) and antibodies(neutralizers)

clot

cell

platelets, round or oval shape, aide in coagulation.

process of changing a liquid to a solid

clump together; release X factor, react w/ prothrombin, form thrombin, converts to fibrinogen, then to fibrin and lastly a meshlike clot = hemostasis

before

clotting substance

reacts w/ factor X in the presence of calcium to from thrombin

fiber substance

producing

conversion step from thrombin to fibrin in the agglutination process

blood

stopping, controlling

control of blood flow, stopping the bleeding

Plasma: liquid portion of blood composed of: H2O, inorganic and organic substances, waste, plasma proteins

serum: plasma minus clotting (plasma) proteins

Plasma - (Prothrombin + Fibrinogen)

against

producing

substances that produce an immune response

clumping

producing

antigens found in blood that cause blood to clump

substances produced by the body that nullify or neutralize antigens

clumping

substance

when antigen is agglutinogen, antibody is agglutinin; substance that clumps

person w/ type AB blood (can receive any)

can give any, has neither A nor B antigens, thus no clumping

another antigen

blood

pertaining to breaking down

pertaining to the breaking down of blood

Rh- mom has Rh+ antibodies to fetus, if another Rh+ pregnancy, antibodies will destroy fetal blood.

lymph or interstitial fluid

lymph vessel

lymph gland

large

eat, swallow

noun ending

monocytes become macrophages, destroy pathogens, and collect debris from damaged cells.

lymph glands

neck

axillary, armpit

groin

mediastinum

spleen

thymus

tonsil

appendix

spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and appendix, Pyer's patch

cell

movement

chemical messangers that direct immune cellular interactions

lymph

movement

secreted by lymphocytes (B cells or T cells)

one

movement

secreted by monocytes and macrophages

between

white substance

cytokin that sends messages among leukocytes

ways the body protects itself with out "recognizing" pathogen

natural or aquired

skin, mucous membrane

coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea

tears, saliva, perspiration

eat, swallow

cell

abnormal condition

pathogens consumed by neutrophils and monocytes

immediate vasoconstriction and vascular permeablilty

inflammation caused by pathogen

fever, fire

condition

fever functioning to increase the action of phagocytes and decreasing the viability of certain pathogens.

second line of defense non specific

interfere with viral replication

become activated in the presence of bacteria, enabling them to lyse the organisms

lymphocyte acts to kill cells that have been infected by pathoges

inherited ability (to resist certain diseases_

bodys ability to respond (natural and artificial)

antibodies; part of specific immunity

attack atigens directly

liquid

pertaining to

pertaining to liquid or secretion of antibodies

antibody-mediated immunity

natural: memory cells

artificial: vaccination (immunization)

Natural: passage of antibodies through the placenta

Artificial: immunoglobulins harvested from a donor who developed resistance against specific antigens.

appendix

axilla, armpit

base

blood

bone marrow

clotting, clot

clumping

disease

eat, swallow

fever, fire

fiber

groin

little grain

lymph

lymph gland (node)

lymph vessel

mediastinum

neck

neutral

nucleus

plasma

red

rosy-colored

safety, protection

same

serum

shape

spleen

thymus

tonsil

white

without

against

between

large

one

many

before

cell

condition

producing

protein substance

substance

movement

white substance

study of

breaking down

pertaining to breaking down

abnormal condition

attraction

formation

forming substance

iron substance

controlling, stopping

clotting substance

disease, more specifically to do w/ blood or bone marrow

a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and/or hematocrit

after

blood

pertaining to bursting forth

no, not

blood condition

RBC deficiency caused by blood loss

• insufficient levels of cobalamin (aka B12), essential for RBC maturation.
• Due to inadequate diet or absence of intrinsic factor.

long-term internal bleeding. May cause anemia

anemia as a result of a lack of folate from dietary, drug-induced, congenital, or other causes.

deficient

volume

blood condition

deficient volume of circulating blood

iron

deficiency

condition of having reduced numbers of RBCs b/c of chronic blood loss, inadequate iron intake, or unspecified causes. A type of iron deficiency anemia.

no, not

blood circulation

progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factors essiential for the absorption of vitamin B12.

no, not

formation

pertaining to

no, not

blood condition

suppression of bone marrow function leading to a reduction in RBC production. Although causes of this often fatal type of anemia may be hepatitis, radiation, or cytotoxic agents, most causes are idiopathic. Also called hypoplastic anemia.

blood

pertaining to destruction

a group of anemias caused by destruction of red blood cells

self

safety, protection

blood

pertaining to destruction

no, not

blood condition

anemia aquired by the body's destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies

not

blood

pertaining to destruction

no, not

blood condition

anemia that may be drug induced or may be caused by an infectious disease

inherited anemia characterized by crescent-shaped RBCs which block capillaries and decrease O2 supply to cells. Sickle cell crisis is acute, painful exacerbation of sickle-cell anemia.

group of inherited disorders of people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent, in which the anemia is the result of a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin, resulting in decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs

all

cell

deficiency

deficiency of all blood cells caused by dysfunctional stem cells

blood

attraction condition

group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

many

cell

blood condition

true

chronic increase in the number of RBCs and the concentration of hemoglobin. "Vera" signifies that theis is not a sequela of another condition.

purple

noun ending

bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues

clot, clotting

cell

deficiency

deficiency of platelets that causes an inability of the blood to clot. The most common cause of bleeding disorders.

white blood cell

abnormal increase in cells

abnormal increase in WBCs. Abnormal increases in each type of granulocyte are termed eosinophilia, basophilia, or neutrophilia, where the suffix -philia denotes a slight increase. Abnormal increase in the number of each type of agranulocyte are termed lyphocytosis or moncytosis.

abnormal decrease WBCs. Specific deficiencies are termed neutropenia, eosinopenia, monocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia. Also called leukocytopenia.

neutral

abnormal decrease in neutrophils due to disease process. Formerly called agranulocytosis

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intersitial spaces of tissues.

excessive

spleen

condition

increased function of the spleen, resulting in hemolysis.

lymph gland

inflammation

inflammaation of a lymph node.

disease of the lymph nodes or vessles that may be localized or generalized

lymph vessel

inflammation

inflammation of lymph vessels

accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels.

lymphocyte

deficiency of lymphocytes caused by infectious mononucleosis, malignancy, nutritional deficiency, or a hematologic disorder.

abnormal increase in lymphocytes

one

nucleus

abnormal condition

increase in the number of mononuclear cells (monocytes and lympocytes) in the blood caused by the epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Can result in splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).

caused by HIV and transmitted through body fluids. HIV attacts helper T cells which diminishes the immune response

immune system's overreaction to irritants that are perceived as antigens. The substance that causes the irritation is called an allergen. Also called hypersensitivity.

without

protection

extreme form of allergic response in which the patient suffers severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways.

immune system hypersensitivity caused by activated T cells that respond to an exposure of the skin to a chemical irritant up to 2 days later. An example would be poison ivy. The resulting rash is called contact dermatitis.

Hypersensitivity of the immune system caused by IgE. Example are tree and grass pollens.

self

safety, protection

T cells attack own cells, causing tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Myasthenia gravis, rheumatiod arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis are exapmple of autoimmune diseases.

thymus gland

tumor

noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis

lymph

cell

pertaining to

white

blood condition

a.k.a. acute lymphoblastic leukemia, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes. Itis the most common type ofleukemia for individuals under age 19.

bone marrow

pertaining to originating from

white

blood condition

rapidly progressive form of leukemia develops from immature bone marrow stem cells.

slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature lymphocytes proliferate. Occurs most frequently in middle age adults, rarely in children.

immature bone marrow cells proliferate, similar to CLL

cancer diagnosed by detection of a type of cell specific only to this diserder: Reed-Sternberg cells.

a.k.a. plasma cell dyscrasia or myelomatosis, this rare malignancy of plasma cells is formed from B lymphocytes. It is called "multiple" myeloma because the tumors are found in many bones. If it occurs in only one bone, the tumor is referred to as a plasmacytoma.

a collection of all other lymphatic cancers but Hodgkin lymphomas. This type is the more numerous of the two lymphomas and is the sixth most common type of cancer in the US

a.k.a. thymic carcinoma is a rare malignancy of the thymus gland particularly invasive and unlike its benign form, is not associated with autoimmune disorders.

radiographic visualization of the lymph gland after injection of a radiopaque substance. Also called lymphography.

radiographic visualization of a part of the lymphatic system after inejction with a radiopaque substance.

radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium.

tests to detect the presence of HIV types 1 and 2.

series of tests involving a patch, scratch, or intradermal injection of an attenuated amount of an allergen to test for hypersensitivity.

group of blood tests to measure calcuim, glucose, electrolytes such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl), creatinie, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).

blood samples are submitted to propagate microorganisms that may be present. Cultures may be indicated for bacteremia or septicemia, or to discover other pathogens (fungi, viruses, or parasites)

twelve tests, including RBC (red blood cell count), WBC (white blood cell count), Hb (hemoglobin), Hct/PCV (hematocrit/packed-cell volume), and diff (WBC differential).

set of 14 blood tests that add protein and liver function tests to the BMP. Glucose is also measured with a different method than in the basic panel.

blood test to diagonose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), acquired hemolytic anemia, or a transfusion reaction.

meausure of the numbers of the different types of WBCs

measurement of the time mature RBCs to settle out of a blood sample after an anticoagulant is added. An increased ESR indicates inflammation.

measure of the percentages of RBCs in the blood.

iron-containing pigment of RBCs that carries oxygen to tissues

test to measure the average weight of hemoglobin per RBC. Useful in diagnosing anemia

test to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs. This test is useful for measuring a patient's response to treatment for anemia.

test for infectious mononucleosis.

test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system; used to detect hemophilias.

test that measures the amount of tie taken for clot formation. It is used to determine the cause of unexplained bleeding, to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taing warfarin or with vitamin K deficiency, and to assess the ability of the liver to syntheisze blood-clotting proteins.

nuclear medicine test used to diagnose pernicious anemia and other metabolic disorders

removal

temporary removal of blood from a donor, in which one or more components are removed, and te rest of the blood is reinfused into the donor. Esamples include leukapheresis, removal of WBCs; plasmapheresis, removal of plasma; and plateletpheresis, rmoval of thrombocytes. Also called pheresis.

the transplantation of bone marrow to stimulate production of normal blood cells.

self

study

pertaining to

Harvesting of patient's own healthy bone marrow efore treatment for reintroduction later.

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a doner to a recipient to stimulate formation of new blood cells

intravenous transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient, giving either whole blood or its components.

process in which the donor's own blood is removed and stored in anticipation of a future need

process in which the donor is transfused with his/her own blood, after anticoagulation and filtration, from an active bleeding site in cases of major surgery or trauma.

adenoid

removal

removal of the adenoids. Also called the pharyngeal tonsils.

removal of the lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue as a means to diagnosis and treatment

removal of a lymph node.

removal of the spleen

drugs that prevent the coagulation of blood and the formation of thrombi.

drugs that inhibit the function of platelets or destroy them.

drugs that promote blood flow by keeping platelets from clumping or decreasing blood viscosity.

agents tat stimulate the production of white blood cells in the bone marrow

growth factors that increase production of RBCs by stimulating erythropoiesis.

drugs that increase the number of erythrocytes and or hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocytes usually to treat iron-deficient anemia.

drugs that stimulate blood cell production. Subdivisions of this class include colony-stimulating factors, erythropoietic agents, and thrombopoietic factors.

drugs that help stop the flow of blood.

agents that stimulate the production of thrombocytes or platelets

drugs that block histamine (H1) receptors to manage allergy symptoms.

monoclonal antibodies that treat allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis.

drugs used to treat cancer by preventing growth or promoting destruction of neoplastic (tumor) cells.

drugs that manage the replication of HIV and its progression into AIDS.

drugs also known as steroids that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation

drugs used as immunosuppressants or antineoplastics in order to damage or destroy cells.

drugs that reduce the immune response.

drugs tat block leukotrienes to manage later stages of allergic reactions; espically used to manage allergic asthma.

these drugs are a type of antiretroviral and are used to treat HIV infection. By blocking the production of an essential enzyme called protease, these drugs keep the virus from replicating.

substances administered to induce immunity or reduce the pathologic effects of a disease. Examples are the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine and the chicken pox vaccine.

blood types