Mass Comm 8

• Publick Occurences (1690)
• inflammatory by standards of the times
• not a newspaper by modern standards
• banned by the colony after one issue

• The Boston News-Letter (1704)
• reported on mundane events that took place in Europe months earlier

• The New England Courant (1721)
• stories that interested ordinary readers
• brother of ben franklin

• The Pennsylvania Gazette (1729)
• historians rate among the best
• run with subsidies from political parties as well as advertising

• The New York weekly journal (1733)
• slandered the king
• arrested for seditious libel
• jury ruled in his favor as long as stories are true
• decision provided foundation for First amendment

By 1765, about thirty newspapers in American colonies, played a major role in the revolution, Stamp Act- newspapers realized their importance and power they possessed to unify opposition didn't work too well

• 1784 first daily paper
• two types- political and commercial
• Parties shaped press history- anti british rule, partisan press forerunner of editorials, commercial press forerunner of the modern business section
• Circulation in hundreds not thousands mostly illiterate
• Readership: the wealthy and educated

• Industrial Revolution- cheaper paper
• The rise of the middle class- the growth of literacy
• Breakthroughs in technology- steam powered printing presses, helped lower cost from 6 cents to a penny

• 1833 Benjamin Days New York Sun- for everybody, local events, scandals, and police reports, blazed the trail for celebrity news, fabricated stories
• Human Interest stories- ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges, feature stories, crime news
• Success spawned wave of penny papers

• New York Morning Herald, 1835
• bennett first us press baron
• freed his paper from political parties
• worlds largest daily paper at the time
• Penny papers increased reliance on ad revenue
• 1848- formation of the associated press(reporters that cover stories then newspapers pay a fee to use their stories in their papers

• Shifted the economic bade of newspapers away from political parties toward the market place and advertising revenue
• Developed a system of information distribution- modern technology used to mass produce and cut costs, wire services- the associated press founded in 1848, new systems=more systems lower costs
• Promoted literacy amond the public
• empowered the public in government affairs
• educated public that helped them make decisions whether it be in elections or advertising

• Pulitzer and Hearst
• Emphasized profitable papers
• sensational overly dramatic-crimes, celebrities, scandals, disaster and intigue
• provided roots for investigative journalism-exposed corruption in business and government
• Now considered bad

• first popular cartoon script
• created in 1895 by R.F. Oucault
• Hearst and Pulitzer for his services due to their furious battle for readers in themid to late 1890's
• their fight over the cartoon ultimately gave this era of journalism its name

• hungarian immigrant
• bought the St. Louis Post Dispatch- touted as a national conscience, promoted the public good
• 1883 bought the New York World-pro immigrant and working class, sensational stories, advice columns and womens pages, anti-monopoly, manugactured events and staged stunts-make more money people want to know what happens
• Legacy: columbia U's graduate school of journalism and launched the pulitzer prize

• real name Elizabeth Cochrane
• first investigative reporter
• faked insanity to get into hospital- wrote and exposed the terrible treatment of patients
• prostitution story
• made Pulitzers World a trendsetter for journalism-generated a lot of interest to readers

• expelled from harvard
• had taken reigns of San Francisco Examiner
• bought the new york journal with his inheritance- ailing penny paper owned by Joesph Pulitzers brother, raided joseph pulitzers new york world for editors writers and cartoonists
• imitated pulitzers style- pro immigrant, bold layout, sensational stories, invented interviews faked pictures encouraged conflicts
• hearst served as model for Charles Foster Kane and operated the largest media empire in the world
• hearst castle- showed off his money and wealth

• objectivity- reaction to yellow journalism
• Ochs and the New York Times, 1896: distanced themselves from yellow journalism, focused on documentation of major events, more affluent readership, lowered the price to a penny so middle class would read it as marker for educated and well informed
• inverted pyramid style- answer who what where when and how at top and less significant details at the bottom

• more analysis
• 1920's editor and columnist Walter Lippmann- facts for the record, analysis, advocate plans, pattern of stairs
• 1930's Depression and Nazi threat to global stability helped analysis take root
• wanted ideas on how to live

• literary journalism also called new journalism- fictional storytelling techniques applied to nonfictional material (19th century Mark Twain and 20th century Truman Capote)
• news ctitic Jack Newfield- criticism to objectivity they do have an opinion, journalistic impartiality
• Advocasy journalism- reporter promotes particular cause or view-opinion
• Precision Journalism-push news in the direction of science, using numbers to explain things

• USA Today 1982: copied television, color and displayed in tv-like vendor boxes, brief almost broadcast length copy
• Culture changes diminishing the authority of the modern newspaper- new news forms combine immediacy information entertainment persuasion and analysis, multi-media news sources like talk shows films music and only daily shows

• The Drudge Report broke the Monica Lewinsky story-blog
• a wide variety of news sources on the internet
• once these stores appear on the internet they can gain the publics attention and ultimately force other more traditional news outlets to cover the story

• National newspapers-USA today
• Metropolitan dailies, medium dailies and small dailies- NY times
• Weekly newspapers
• Consensus- try to bring people together
• Conflict oriented- always try to stir up conflicts and problems

• Newshole= 35-50 percent of paper, remaining room devoted to advertising
• Newsroom Staff- publisher and owner, editors, reporters, photographers, copy editors
• Wire services and feature syndicates important sources of material- staff cannot possibly produce enough or cover the world

• Most newspapers eventually developed online versions of their papers
• Besides employee salaries, purchasing paper is the industrys largest expense
• History suggests our mass media learn how to adapt rather than become extinct

• Truly taking advantage of the internets flexibility- space is not an issue, immediate updates to breaking news and other stories, hyperlinks, databases, audio and video files and slideshows
• The decline of the classified section has been the biggest financial issue for newspapers
• Web sites such as Craigslist have taken a lot of that ad revenue
• Newspapers have begun to grow their own online ads

• Blogs have brought amateurs into the realm of journalism
• Some blogs have gained credibility however and are challenging the authority of newspapers
• Traditional journalists have slowly begun to try blogging

• Of all mass media, newspapers have played the longest and strongest role in sustaining democracy
• Responsible citizens need to stay informed of issues facing their towns, states and countries in order for a democracy to truly exist and newspapers have been that information source longer than any other medium