A&P

knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated. Only in peripheral nervous system

sensory nerve. carries info TO THE CNS

motor nerve. carries info FROM THE CNS.

• Brain
• Spinal Cord

• Somatic
• Autonomic

Voluntary Muscles --

• cranial nerves
• spinal nerves

• Sympathetic (SANS)
• Parasympathetic (PANS)

• Fight or Flight
• Voluntary

• Feed or Breed
• Involuntary

TO CNS

• Entirely within CNS
• Integrate info $ make decision on how to respond

FROM CNS

Type of Neuroglia that form Myelin Sheath in CNS

Type of Neuroglia that produces Cerebrospinal Fluid in CNS

Type of Neuroglia that eats dead tissue, etc in CNS

Type if Neuroglia that is star shaped and helps form the Blood Brain Barrier in the CNS

Type of Neuroglia that form Myelin Sheath in PNS

Type of Neuroglia that surround neurosomas in ganglia of PNS

• Stimulus activates receptor on dendrite of neuron
• Opens sodium Gates. NA+ rushes into cell
• Makes internal negative charge closer to zero (depolarication
• Incoming NA+ diffuses for short distances to produce a current toward "trigger zone" of neuron
• Continues until trigger zone reaches threshold of -55

After local potential reaches threshold. less negative, closer to zero, eventually becomes positive.

After depolarization. Back to negative.

before local potential. around -70.

Repolarization decreases to more negative than begin. Sodium-Potassium Pump brings back to resting potential

• Resting Membrane Potential
• Local Potential
• Depolarization
• Action Potential- Repolarization
• Hyperpolarization

can't "back-track" due to refractory period

• Voltage-Regulated ion channels only exist in the Nodes of Ranvier.
• "Saltatory Conduction" -- less energy needed and faster

junction between the end of a neuron and another cell

space between 2 neurons

space between neuron and muscle

• chemicals released from presynaptic membrane to neurons to communicate across synapse
• can be excitatory in inhibitory

• EPSP
• Voltage change in the postsynaptic membrane toward threshold

• IPSP
• Voltage change in the postsynaptic membrane making it harder to reach threshold

EPSP & IPSP by each neuron helps it "decide" how to respond

adding up postsynaptic potiential and responding to their net effect

1 synapse generates several EPSP in a small amount of time

EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold

• Stimulate receptor
• afferent takes into spinal
• synapse w/interneuron
• motor info out efferent neuron
• goes to muscle and contracts

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem

folds of cerebrum

grooves of cerebrum

Voluntary MOTOR

Divides Frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe

Recieves and Interprets general senses

visual center

hearing, smell, learning, memory, visual recognition

• Cerebral Cortex
• Basal Nuclei

Where we PLAN or make the intention to move

• Receives info from motor association area
• Neurons send signals to breainstem and SC to cause muscle contractions

selects which signals to transmit

perceives stimulation/ creates awareness

Makes cognitive sense of the stimulation

Responsible for MOTOR COORDINATION, time awareness, spatial recognition

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla

Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

optic nerve from each eye cross

• need to survive
• Modulate activity of cerebral cortex
• HR&BP, Sleep/consciousness,habituation

• Dura Mater
• Arachnoid Mater
• Pia Mater

outermost layer of meninges

middle layer of meninges

innermost layer of meninges

mass of blood capillaries on floor of each ventricle

produce CSF in ventricles of brain

• ventricles and canals of the CNS
• subarachnoid space

• Buoyancy
• Protection
• Chemical Stability

• Neurons have high demand for ATP
• Need O2 and Glucose to produce ATP

• selective in keeping harmful substances out
• endothelial cells are tightle joined by astrocytes

• CN 1
• Sensory

smell

• CN 2
• Sensory

sight

• CN 3
• Motor

pupil constriction

• CN 4
• Motor

eye movement

• CN 5
• Motor and Sensory

Mastication

• CN 6
• Motor

eye movement

• CN 7
• Motor and Sensory

taste, facial expressions

• CN 8
• Sensory

hearing

• CN 9
• Motor and Sensory

• sensory of tongue
• motor: swallowing, gagging

• CN 10
• Motor and Sensory

hunger, helps PANS

• CN 11
• Motor

head, neck, and shoulder movement

• CN 12
• Motor

tongue movement

Lack of blood flow to part(s) of the brain

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of brain

Damaged motor areas of the brain resulting in muscular incoordination

• seizures
• Sudden, massive discharge of neurons

• Amyloid protein deposits in the brain
• Also have low ACh and nerve growth factor
• Usually middle aged onset

• Progressive loss of motor function
• degeneration of dopamine (inhibitory NT)

• inflammation of the meninges
• Brain swells, ventricles enlarge, brainstem can hemorrhage