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define diplopia
double vision
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define strabismus
lazy eye
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define scotoma.
cauese?
blind spots
caused by migraines, glaucoma, visual pathway disorders
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what kind of vision loss does macular degeneration cause? glaucoma?
- mac: central
- glaucoma: periph
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define photophobia
sensitivity to light
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what could cause night blindness?
- optic atrophy (r/t age)
- glaucoma
- vit A deficiency
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define epiphoria
excessive tearing / watering
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define myopia & hyperopia
- myopia: near sighted
- hyper: far sighted
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OD
OS
OU
- OD: right eye
- OS: left eye (sinister)
- OU: both eyes
** on do not use list of abbrevs.
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what is the Snellen chart used for?
testing central vision acuity
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Snellen vision test requirement to drive in CA?
20/40
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define presbyopia.
at what age does it occur?
decreased power of accommodation of the eye with aging --> why ppl need to wear reading glasses
42-46 y/o
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cranial nerves responsible for eye mvmt
CN 3, 4, 6
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which eye mm are innervated by CN4 and CN6? CN3?
- CN4: superior oblique
- CN6: lateral rectus
- CN3: all others
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name all mm associated with eye mvmt
- superior rectus
- inferior rectus
- lateral rectus
- medial rectus
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique
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which oblique m is responsible of downward mvmt? for upward?
- down: superior
- up: inferior
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt horizontal and temporal?
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt up and temporal?
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt down and temporal?
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt horizontal and nasal?
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt up and nasal
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which nerve and m are responsible for eye mvmt down and nasal?
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3 tests for extraocular mm fx
- EOM = extra ocular mvmt: the finger at 6 cardinal positions of gaze
- corneal light reflex: tests parallel alignment of eyes
- cover test: detects eye mm weakness
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define nystagmus
involuntary movement of eyeballs
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what are the names for CN3, 4, 6?
- CN3: oculomotor
- CN4: trochlear
- CN6: abducens
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define esotropia
inward turning lazy eye
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define exotropia
outward turning lazy eye
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define esophoria
what test do you use to assess this?
nasal (inward) drift when eye is covered
cover test
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define exophoria
what test do you use to assess this?
temporal (outward) drift
cover test
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where are the meibomian glands located? what do they do?
inside eyelids. they lubricate the inside of the lids.
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what is a hordeolum? what's the common name for it?
localized staph infection of hair follicle at lid margin. aka sty
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what is blepharitis? what causes it?
inflammation of eyelids. d/t staph infection or seborrheic dermatitis
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define entropion
inward curving eyelid and lashes
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define ectropian
outwardly curved eyelid and lashes, esp in lower lid
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define palpebral fissues
space b/w upper and lower lids. the part of the eye you can see.
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define ptosis
which nerves might be involved with this condition?
drooping upper lid
CN 3, 5, 7
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where are the sebaceous glands located in/around the eyes?
caruncle, located in inner canthus
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what do the puncta do? where are they located?
drains tears that flow from the lacrimal glands. located at upper and lower inner canthus
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trace the path of tears once they leave the lacrimal gland
flow across eye --> drain into puncta --> drain into lacrimal sac --> thru nasolacrimal duct --> empty info inferior meatus in the nose
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define enophthalmos
sunken eyeballs
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define exophthalmos
bulging eyeballs
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name the three concentric coatings of the eyeball from superficial to deep
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what is the limbus?
border of sclera and iris
also where bulbar conjunctiva merges with cornea
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what part of the eye are you assessing when you evert and inspect the upper lid?
palpebral conjunctive
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define pinguecula
will they damage vision?
yellowish nodules on bulbar conjuntiva at 3 & 9 o'clock d/t thickening secondary to sun, wind, and dust.
do not affect vision.
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define pterygium.
does it affect vision?
overgrowth on conjunctival tissue
can affect vision if extends over pupil
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what's the name for the thin mucous membrane that covers the sclera?
bulbar conjunctiva
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which nerves control blinking
what are their names?
CN5 and 7
- CN5: trigeminal
- CN7: facial
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what is CN5? what does it do?
trigeminal. carries afferent sensation to brain
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what is the name of CN7? what does it do?
facial nerve. carries efferent messages that stimulate blink reflex
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what does SNS stim do to the pupils? what's the fancy name for this?
dilates = mydriasis
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what does paraSNS stim do to the pupils? what's the fancy name for this?
constricts = miosis
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which nerves control pupil dilation and constriction? which is afferent? efferent?
- CN2 and 3
- efferent: 3
- afferent: 2
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what is PERRLA?
documention for "pupils equal, round, react to light, accomodation"
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what are cataracts?
cloudy or opaque lenses
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which layer of the eye contains the optic disc and macula?
retina
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2 names for tool used to examine internal eye
ophthalmoscope, fundoscope
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what is the normal range for intraocular pressure?
13-22 mmHg
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what intraocular pressure indicates glaucoma?
>22 mmHg
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what's the name for the spot where fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve?
optic disc
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which nerve (#) is the optic nerve?
CN2
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which part of the eye contains rods?
macula
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what is the optic chiasm?
location where fibers from both temporal visual fields cross over
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where would blockage be happening if a pt presents with bi-temporal hemianopsia?
optic chiasm
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what is homonomous hemianopsia?
blindness of the same 1/2 of the visual field on both sides
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where would you suspect a blockage if a patient presented with homonomous hemianopsia?
optic tract
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why is it super duper important to assess from extraocular mm fx in kids?
poor prognosis is dx'd after age 6, can lead to blindness d/t disuse
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define amblyopia. what causes it?
loss of vision or blindness d/t disuse. caused by untreated strabismus
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what acuity of vision would you expect from a 4 month old? 2 y/o? (in 20/20 format)
- 4 mos: 20/200
- 2 yrs: 20/40
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when does iris color permanently differentiate in kids?
6-9 mos
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what is the name for lipid deposits at the inner canthus, found in older adults?
xanthelasma
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what are the 3 primary causes of vision problems in older adults?
- cataracts
- glaucoma
- macular degeneration
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what is the name for the collection of broken down lipids forming a gray-white circle around the limbus? what causes it?
arcus senilus
hyperlipidemia
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what is pseudoptosis?
drooping eyelids in older adults d/t loose skin caused by loss of elasticity, fat, and mm atrophy
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when is the pupillary light reflex first present in kiddies?
3 wks
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when is the blink reflex first observable in kids?
at birth
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at what age will a kid begin tearing? when are the lacrimal glands fully developed?
first at 2-4 wks. fully at age 4.
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how does the pupil accommodate to looking at distance?
dilate --> think d*istance = d*ilate
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what happens to the pupils when you adjust from looking at something far away to something close?
pupils constrict and converge --> c*lose = c*onstrict & c*onverge
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define keratitis
inflammation of cornea
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what is the eye shaped like with astigmatism? what will vision be like with it?
shaped like a football. blurry vision
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what is anisocoria? what % of the population has it normally?
anisocoria = unequal pupil size. non-pathologic in 5% of pop.
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what controls lens thickness?
ciliary body. changes shape to accommodate for near and far objects.
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what is the red reflex?
red glow that appears to fill the person's pupil when first visualized thru the ophthalmoscope
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define nystagmus. when is it normal?
involuntary eye mvmt
normal only during extreme lateral mvmt
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