Earth Science Quarter 1

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• as the x variable increases, the y variable also increases

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• as the x variable increases, the y variable decreases

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• as the x variable increases, the y variable increases and decreases in a repeating pattern

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• as the x variable increases, the y variable remains the same

• when going beyond the data on a graph
• **although the inference may be on the graph, if it is not expressly stated on the graph, then it is extrapolation
• extrapolation is a form of inferencing

staying within the given data on a graph

• difference between actual and measured x 100 =percentage error
• actual answer

Classification is a system of organizing information, data, objects, or events in a meaningful way based on shared properties.

• Its benefits are:
• keeps us organized
• can find information or objects quickly
• increases efficiency

dichotomous key

• The ratio between an object's mass to its volume.
• - same material, same density, no matter the size

• patterned
• non-linear
• linear
• cyclic

• Dependent - y
• Independent - x

• - top of ship is seen first when coming toward, top of ship is seen last when going away
• - angle of polaris changes gradually and slowly
• ** polaris's altitude is always equal to one's latitude. polaris can only be seen in the northern hemisphere
• - shadow of earth on moon during eclipse is always curved and indistinct

all prove that earth is spherical

Earth is an oblate spheroid, flat on poles, rounder at equator, due to centrifugal force. Therefore, gravity is greater at the poles and less at the equator.

Satellite photos from outer space.

• proportion
• distance between two points = shadow angle
• circumference 360 degrees

(parallels) latitude and (meridians) longitude

• - run horizontally
• - measure degrees north and south of the equator
• - all parallel
• - maximum value is 90
• - never an equal distance apart because earth is an oblate spheroid

• - run vertically
• - measure degrees east and west of the prime meridian, located at Greenwich, England
• - meet at the poles
• - at the equator they bulge

15 degrees, because 15 degrees x 24 hours = 360 degrees, a full rotation

Some time zones aren't exactly 15 degrees due to cities.

• ( ' ) = minutes
• ( " ) = seconds

60 minutes in a degree, 60 seconds in a minute

Because when the earth was still forming, the molten parts separated due to density.

Based on temperature.

a region in which there is a measurable quantity of a given property at every point

any field described by both magnitude and direction

eg. gravity, magnetism, velocity

only gives amount, size, or magnitude

eg. temperature, humidity, rainfall total, speed

lines on a map connecting points of equal value

• - know the interval
• - smooth curves
• - no intersecting
• - usually follow each other in patterns
• - can end at the end of page
• - individual isolines connect points of only one value

a map on which structural features of a landscape are represented in 3-d

• closer lines = steeper slope
• far lines = low slope

• - when contour lines cross a river, they point away from the direction the river is moving; they point upstream
• - all streams lead to the ocean
• - all streams flow from high to low elevation

• - indicate depressions
• - same elevation as the lowest value of the adjacent lines

difference in value between any two adjacent contour lines