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The greates amount of digestion occurs in the:
Duodenum
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Bile is a ____.
emulsifier
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Liver damage may result in:
Edema and a serious bleeding tendency
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About 50% of acquired fistulas between the trachea and esophagus are caused by:
malignancy in the mediastinum
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Most common cause of acute esophagitis:
reflux of gastric acid contents
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A condition related to severe reflux esophagitis in which the normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed and replaced by columnar epithelium similar to that of the stomach:
Barrett's Esophagus
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Most common drug causing esophageal ulceration:
potassium chloride in tablet form
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Most carcinomas of the esophagus are of the ___ cell type and occur most often at the:
squamous; esophagogastric junction
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When esophageal diverticulum fill with food or secretions, ____ may result.
aspiration pneumonia
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Dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system:
esophageal varices
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Most common abnormality detected on an upper g.i. exam:
hiatal hernia
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A functional obstruction of the distal section of the esophagus with proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter:
achalasia
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Most common cause of esohpagus perforation:
severe vomitting
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Gastritis can be caused by:
irritants including alcohol, corrosive agents, and infection
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Changes the normal pattern of the gastric mucosa:
Gastritis
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An emulsifier that acts like soap by dispersing fat into very small droplets that permit it to mix with water:
Bile
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toxic chemicals are changed into nontoxic compounds in the:
Liver
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How much bile do the liver cells secrete each day?
1 pint
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Most common cause of acute esophagitis:
Reflux of gastric acid contents
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Organisms most responsible for infectious esophagitis:
Candida and herpesvirus
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Most common cause of acute upper g.i. bleeding:
peptic ulcer disease
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Most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease:
duodenal ulcer
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Gastric ulcers usually occur on the:
lesser curvature of the stomach
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Cronic inflammatory disorder of unknocn cause that most often involves the terminal area of the ileum:
Crohn's Disease (Regional Enteritis)
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Chrohn's disease can affect:
any part of the G.I. tract
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What accounts for almost 75% of all small bowel obstructions?
Fibrous adhesions caused by previous surgery of peritonitis
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A common disorder of intestinal motor activity in which fluid and gas do not progress normally through a nonobstructed small and large bowel:
Adynamic Ileus
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Symptoms and signs of appendicitis:
right lower quadrant pain, low-grade fever and slight leukocytosis
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Outpouchings that represent acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layers at points of weakness into the bowel wall:
colonic diverticula
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Diverticula occur most commonly in the ____ and decrease in frequency in the _____.
sigmoid colon; proximal colon
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It is estimated that 20% of patients with diverticulosis with eventually develop:
diverticulitis
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Sypmtoms of ulcerative colitis:
bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss
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What area of the colon is most often associated with Crohn's disease:
proximal portion
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Second major cause of inflammatory bowel disease:
Crohn's disease
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Several conditions that have an alteration in intestinal motility as the underlying pathophysiologic abnormalitie:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Third leading cause of death from cancer in the U.S.:
Carcinoma of the colon
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About 70% of large bowel obstructions result from:
primary colonic carcinoma
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Twisting of the bowel on itself:
volvulus
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Two major types of gallstones:
cholesterol stones and pigment stones
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What condition often occurs after obstruction of the cystic duct by an impacted gallstone?
Acute cholycystitis
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An end-stage liver disease refering to the chronic destruction of liver cells and structure:
cirrhosis of the liver
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Most common malignant tumors involving the liver:
metastases
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Once diagnosed with hepatic metastases, most patients face:
imminent death within months
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Inflammatory process in which protein and lipid digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the organ itself:
acute pancreatitis
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Most common cause of acute pancreatitis:
excessive alcohol consumption
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Condition resulting from frequent intermittent injury to the pancreas causing increasing damage that produces scar tissue:
chronic pancreatitis
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Most common pancreatic malignancy:
adenocarcinoma
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Visualization of which structures indicates that the correct contrast scale has been used for a plain abdominal radiograph?
liver, kidneys, psoas muscles, lumbar spine and transverse processes
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Which organ controls the level of glucose in the circulating blood?
pancreas
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The telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another:
intussusception
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What is now considered the major modality for the demonstration of gallstones?
ultrasound
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Rupture of the spleen as a result of blunt abdominal trauma can be best demonstrated by what imaging procedure?
CT
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Extensive calcification in the wall of the gallbladder is termed:
porcelain gallbladder
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Apple-core or napkin-ring are common descriptive terms for annular carcinoma of the:
colon
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The presence of large amounts of gas and fluid in uniformly dilated loops of small and large bowel, often seen after abdominal surgery, is termed:
adynamic ileus
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To demonstrate esophageal reflux, the patient is often asked to perform the:
valsava maneuver
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity:
ascites
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A colonic intussusception can sometimes be reduced by what procedure?
barium enema
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Most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease:
duodenal ulcer
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If loops of bowel are distended by abnormally large amounts of air and are occupying the central portion of the abdomen, the patient likely has a:
small bowel obstruction
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