Test 3

The second law of heredity that states that in a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently

The physical appearance and other observable features that result from the expression of an allele

Pollen from a white plant fertilizes a purple-colored plant; pollen from a purple plant fertilizes a white one

The form of each trait that is expressed in the F₁ generation

The heterozygous is intermediate in appearance between the two homozygotes

To follow the behavior of two different traits in a single cross

Offspring obtained by allowing the F₁ generation to self-fertilize

A gradation that results from contribution of different combinations of alleles to a single trait

The first generation of offspring produced as a result of crossing two parental lines.

Gametes produced by the male and female parts of two different flowers fuse to for viable offspring

The form of each trait that is present but not expressed in the F₁ generation

An allele that has more than one effect on the phenotype of an individual

Each allele has its own effect and some aspect of both alleles is seen in the heterozygote

A method in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed to a homozygous recessive individual

The offspring produced when two haploid gametes containing the same allele fuse during fertilization

To follow the behavior of two variations of a single trait in a cross

Alternative forms of observed characters being distributed amount the progeny of a mating

A graphical representation of matings and offspring over multiple generations for a particular trait

Gametes produced by the male and female parts of the same flower fuse to form a viable offspring

The total set of alleles that an individual contains, which provides the blueprint for an individual's traits

A situation in which the expression of one gene can interfere with the phenotypic effects of a second gene

The first law of heredity states that two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and rejoin randomly

The action of more than one gene can affect a single trait

The offspring produced from self-fertilization remain uniform from one generation to the next

The offspring produced when two haploid gametes containing different alleles fuse during fertilization

A simple diagram predicting the possible genotypes of a progeny based on the identity of the parental gametes

The alternative forms of a single gene that exist in a population

Females whose individual cells may express different alleles depending on which chromosome is inactivaated

The normal nucleotide sequence of a chromosome that is found in the wild

The failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

Genetic markers detectable by molecular techniques that do not cause a detectable phenotype

The condition that occurs when a small portion of chromosome 21 is present in three copies instead of two

A map unit consisting of 1% of recombination determined from a two-point testcross

A difference between an individual of a population that affects a single base of a genetic locus

A procedure used in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders by analysis of the fluid that bathes a fetus

Uniparental inheritance from the mother typical of cellular organelles such as the mitochondria

Humans that have gained an extra copy of an autosome and generally do not survive

Maleness is typically determined by the presence of this chromosome

An inactivated, highly condensed X chromosome attached to the nuclear membrane

A condition in which a chromosome is gained or lost as a result of nondisjunction

A trait determined by a gene located on the X chromosome

A procedure used in genetic screening where cells are removed from a membranous part of the placenta

Twenty-two chromosomal pairs perfectly matched in both males and females

Ensures an equal level of expression from the sex chromosomes in males and females

The physical exchange of genetic material between homologues during meiosis

An unnatural, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome

Allows the detection of double crossovers such that genes can be put into order

An individual with two of these chromosomes produces only one type of gametes

Humans that have lost even one copy of an autosome and generally do not survive embryonic development

The phenotype caused by a specific allele is exhibited when the allele comes from one parent, not the other.

One pair of 23 pairs of chromosomes found in humans that distinguishes the gender of the individual

Genes determining Mendelian traits are located on chromosomes that play a central role in heredity

Positioning of genes on a chromosome based on genetic distance being proportional to recombination frequency

A disease that is more common in males because the gene affected is on the X chromosome

The ability of a polymerase to remain attached to a template, primarily due to the action of the B subunit.

The partial unwinding of a DNA double helix to form two single stands where the replisome is formed

Short sections of DNA synthesized discontinuously and then ligated together

The proportion of adenine always equals thymine; the proportion of guanine always equals cytosine.

The DNA strand on which replication occurs continuously from one initial primer

An enzyme that synthesizes the ends of chromosomes using an internal RNA template

Viruses that infect bacteria consisting of genetic material that is surrounded by a protein coat

Each strand of a DNA molecule can be used to specify the other by base-pairing.

Any agent that increases the number of mutations above background levels.

The covalent linkage between two adjacent thymine bases in the DNA caused by UV radiation

A single-ringed nitrogenous base, such as thymine or cytosine in DNA, or uracil or cytosine in RNA

The topological state of the DNA that determines how the double helix coils in space

A nonspecific form of repair in which a damaged region in the DNA is removed and replaced by DNA synthesis

Enzymes that can chew away at an end of a DNA molecule

A subunit of DNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a PO₄ group, a nitrogenous base

A model for DNA replication in which one strand of a parental duplex remains intact in the daughter strands

The DNA strand where replication occurs discontinuously and requires multiple priming events

Specialized structures that protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes from nucleases

A transfer of virulence from one cell to another that was described in the experiments by Frederick Griffith

A white, slightly acidic material extracted from nuclei, discovered by Miescher, known as DNA or RNA today

A two-ringed nitrogenous base, such as adenine or guanine

Enzymes that can break phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides internally

A single functional unit consisting of the complete chromosome plus the origin in prokaryotes

Functional units of DNA that contain the information to specify traits and are located on chromosomes

Linkage of a phosphate group to two sugars by means of a pair of ester bonds allowing DNA to form long chains

A multiprotein complex containing a primosome and two DNA pol III enzymes capable of DNA replication

A short stretch of RNA or DNA approximately 10-20 base pairs long that anneals to the template strand

Increments of three nts reed continuously without spacing where the first codon defines subsequent codons

The DNA-directed synthesis of RNA that results in a RNA molecule complementary to the template strand

The DNA strand that is copied when double-stranded DNA is transcribed into single-stranded RNA

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon in the genetic code

Site on the DNA that is required for the recognition and binding of RNA polymerase

The RNA transcript used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides

The region of DNA that is located between the promoter of a gene and its terminator sequence

Formed by addition of the o subunit to the core polymerase allowing it to properly initiate synthesis

An enzyme that can synthesize RNA using DNA as a template, but can not initiate synthesis accurately

Cells with these mutations will grow only on medium that is supplemented with additional nutrients

A series of three nucleotides read in sequence to direct the incorporation of one amino acid into a protein

One of the 6-bp sequences common to bacterial promoters that is recognized by RNA pol. holoenzyme

A ribosomal process in which a mRNA charged tRNAs base-pair to allow formation of a peptide bond

The region containing the RNA polymerase, the DNA template, and the growing RNA transcript

The DNA strand not used as a template for transcription that has the same seq. as the RNA transcript

DNA seq. found upstream of the start site in eukaryotic promoters, resembles the -10 seq. found in prokaryotes

One of the 6-bp sequences common to bacterial promoters where the DNA helix is opened

Beadle and Tatum: a single defect in an enzyme is caused by a mutation at a single site on a chromosome

A single transcription unit, common to prokaryotes, in which functionally related genes are grouped.

Nirenberg used this to test if defined three-base sequences could bind to the protein synthetic machinery

The codons UAA, UGA, and UAG that do not specify amino acids

Information passes in one direction from DNA to an RNA copy, which directs the assembly of a protein

A class of viruses that can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy with the enzyme reverse transcriptase

An adaptor molecule that interacts with mRNA and amino acids and plays a critical role in protein synthesis

Proteins used to recruit RNA polymerase II to eukaryotic promoters to initiate transcription

The codon AUG, which encodes the amino acid methionine

A DNA sequence that signals RNA polymerase to end transcription

More than one mature mRNA produced from a single primary transcript by the inclusion of different exons

Activating enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of an amino acid with the appropriate tRNA molecule

Sequences in this region of the tRNA cloverleaf structure base-pair with the codons in the mRNA

The ability of a single tRNA molecule to "read" more than one codon in the mRNA

The class of DNA mutation present if a cytosine nucleotide is substituted for an adenine nucleotide

The ribosomal location where the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added binds

A base substitution mutation that changes a transcribed codon to stop codon and results in a truncated protein

Seq. in the 5' end of a prokaryotic mRNA that is that is complementary to the 3' end of the small subunit rRNA

The ribosomal location where the tRNA that carried the previous amino acid added binds

Forms a bond between the amino group of 1 amino acid and the carboxyl group of the growing chain

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles that recognize the intron-exon junction

Coding sequences of a gene that are joined together to form the mature mRNA transcript

Added to the 3' end of a transcript by poly-A polymerase to protect the mRNA from degradation

The final processed form of the mRNA after 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing

A conserved adenine nucleotide within introns that base-pairs with snRNA and is important for intron removal

The ribosomal location where the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain is bound

The class of DNA mutation present if one pyrimidine is substituted for a different pyrimidine

The 3' end of a tRNA molecule ending in 5' -CCA-3' where an amino acid is attached

A large complex, consisting of snRNPs and other proteins, responsible for the removal of introns

An insertion, or deletion, of a single base in the DNA that causes an alternation in the reading frame

Modification of the 5' end of a transcript by the addition of methylated GTP to the 5' PO₄ group

Noncoding DNA sequences that interrupt the coding sequence of a gene

The cellular organelle that has two subunits and three tRNA binding sites where protein synthesis takes place

A cytoplasmic protein complex that binds polypeptides with a signal sequence and targets them to the ER

The process of removing the introns from a primary transcript to form a mature mRNA

In prokaryotes, this tRNA is charged with a chemically modified methionine, N-formylmethionine

The original RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase before it undergoes processing