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What are two facts about corals?
- -Most corals have a symbiotic relationship with algae.
- -Corals are threatened by global warming and pollution.
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Anthozoa:
-Polyp dominates life cycle (many associated with clownfish)
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Scyphozoa:
- -Medusa dominates life cycle
- -All marine
- -Some are extremely poisonous
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Hydrozoa:
- -Marine or freshwater
- -Some exist as polyps only others as medusa only
- -Most are colonial (hydranth, gonangium, Obelia medusa)
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Three classes of cnidarians:
- -Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
- -Scyphozoa (true jellyfish, jellies)
- -Anthozoa (sea anemones & corals)
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Cnidarians:
- -Radial symmetry
- -Diploblastic
- -Two basic body plans: poly(sessile) and medusa (motile)
- -Reproduce sexually
- -Carnivorous
- -Nerve net
- -Gastrovascular cavity
- -Possess unique stinging cells (cnidocytes)
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Ctenophores (comb jellies):
- -Radial symmetry
- -Diploblastic (epidermis and endodermis) with a mesoglea
- -Bioluminescent
- -8 rows of comb-like plates (ctenes) composed of fused cilia
- -Reproduce sexually
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3 major groups of sponges:
- -Demosponges (most)
- -Glass sponges
- -Calcareous sponges
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Sponges:
- -Simplest animals
- -Lack true tissues; have specialized cells (choanocytes, amoebocytes)
- -Adults sessile
- -Body porous
- -Skeletal elements: spicules (SiO2 or CaCO3) AND/OR sponging (protein).
- -Filter feeders
- -Flow of water? Interior
- -Reproduce asexually (budding/ fragmentation) or sexually (monecious/ dioecious)
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Animal Phylogeny
- -Sponges
- -Ctenophores (comb jellies)
- -Cnidarians
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Eumetazoans-
true tissues and exhibit symmetry
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Parazoans-
no true tissues (sponges)
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Animal Phylogeny:
Animal and fungi believed to have arisen from a common ancestor in opisthokont clade.
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Parasitic life cycles are complex
-Must overcome hosts defenses.
-Must be able to disperse to new host while current host is living.
-Most have one or more intermediate hosts and several larval stages.
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No life cycle maximizes all benefits
-Characteristic or stage may improve performance in 1 activity, but reduce performance In another (trade-off)
-Females can produce many small eggs or few large eggs.
-Altricial young (must depend upon parents) vs. precocial young (able to act like adults almost immediately)
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All have at least one dispersal stage. Explain further?
- --Sessile adults typically disperse as eggs or larvae.
- --Motile adults disperse when mature.
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Explain the whether the Development is indirect or direct?
- -- Indirect – organism has distinct larval/nymph stage or goes thru metamorphosis; different stages specialized for different functions.
- -- Direct – no distinct larval/nymph stage or no metamorphosis; young resemble adults.
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What are the animal life cycles?
- 1. Development is indirect or direct
- 2. All have at least one dispersal stage
- 3. No life cycle maximizes all benefits
- 4. Parasitic life cycles are complex
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Detritivores/scavengers
will primarily anything, holding nutritional value.
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Omnivores
will primarily anything, holding nutritional value.
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Parasites:
derive nutrition from animal host; usually do not kill host; much time and energy devoted to dispersal.
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Predators:
capture and kill large animal prey
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Herbivores:
feed on plants; usually have long, complex guts.
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Filter feeders:
filter small organisms and organic molecules from their environment; may be sessile or motile.
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What are the feeding strategies?
filter feeders, herbivores, predators, parasites, omnivores, detritivores/scavengers
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External appendages do what?
enhance locomation
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Body segmentation does?
- -Allow better control of movement.
- -May not be apparent externally
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