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"War to end all wars"
World War I
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The Triple Alliance
- 1. Austria-Hungary
- 2. Germany
- 3. Italy
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The Triple Entente
- 1. France
- 2. Russia
- 3. Britain
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5 Causes of WWI
- 1. Alliances
- 2. Economic Imperialism
- 3. Nationalism
- 4. Militarism
- 5. International Anarchy
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What European country was not in either World War?
Spain
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Germany's emperor_________, wanted territory on the ____________ (aka _____________)
- 1. William I
- 2. Mediterranean Sea Coast
- 3. Morocco
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small national groups that wanted to rule themselves (colonies)
Nationalism
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France wanted _________ & ___________ back from Germany.
Alsace and Lorraine
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By 1914, countries in Europe had ________ military.
compulsory (or draft)
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What was the only country w/o a draft?
Britain
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WWI began in ________.
Balcans
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final straw on the camel's back that began WWI was over ____________________.
Austria-Hungary's ownership of Bosnia & Hertzegovenia.
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Capital of Bosnia, where WWI started.
Sarajevo
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who was killed when he was shot heading to the hospital to see a guard of his who was killed when a bomb was thrown at his motorcade to the godwill mission?
Archduke Ferdinand (Aust.-Hun.)
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Secret Serbian society
The Black Hand
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Serb who shot Archduke and wife
Princip
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1st ultimatum: (July 26)
- Aust.-Hun. gave 48 hr. ultim. for Serb.
- -this would give Serbia to Aust.-Hun.
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2nd Ultimatum: (July 28)
- Aust-Hun declared war on Serbia
- -Russia wanted Balcan, so they prepared to help Serbia
- -Germany was preparing to help Aust.-Hun.
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3rd Ultimatum (July 30)
- Germany sent 12 hr. ultim. to Russia to cease mobilization.
- -Germany declared war on Russia
- -Germany feared a 2-front war
- -France- western front
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4th Ultimatum (Aug 1)
Germany sent 24-hour ultim. to France to declare themselves neutral
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5th Ultimatum (Aug. 2)
- Germany declared war on France
- -Germany brought the 2-front war on itself
- -Germany had a plan (Schlieffen Plan)
- -Sent diversion-troops
- -Planned to make a surprise attack on Fra.
- -Asked Belgium if they could march throught their country... NO!
- -Couldn't b/c of Grarantee of 1839
- -Fra. found out the plan
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Schlieffen Plan
Germany decided to knock France out fast (Russia wouldn't be ready, they'd have France out of the way and could fight Russia alone)
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What date did Germany march into Britain?
August 3rd.
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Starting date of WWI
Aug. 4th
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4 Allied Powers (at beggining of war)
- 1. Russia
- 2. Serbia
- 3. Britain (and Japan)
- 4. France
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3 Central Powers (at beggining of war)
- 1. Germany
- 2. Austria- Hungary
- 3. Turkey
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Everyone thought this war would be a _______ war.
short
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1 million man army
France
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1.5 million man army
Germany
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Battle:
-Germans were stopped
-Trench warfare
-Lasted 3 yrs./ neither side gained more than 10 miles
-1.4 million casualties in 1st 4 mo.
-Germans knew Russia mobilized fast
1st Battle of the Marne
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-2 battles in east btwn Germany & Russia
-both learned lessons
-Germany:they didn't have to worry too much abt the eastern front
-Russia:they didn't want to fight Germany & realized how weak Nicholas (tsar) was
Tannenberg and Mansuria
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In 1915, who joined Allied Powers b/c of promisses made by GB?
Italy
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Who went to the Central Powers side?
Bulgaria
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1st time chemical warfare used (Germany had good chem. industry)
Battle of Ypres
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British cruise ship that was sank by central powers. Germans claimed it had contraband on it.
Lusitania
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Turkey had grown weak and was known as the 'sick man of Europe' and GB wanted to take it.
Gallipoli Campaign
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British PM
Winston Churchill
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leader in charge of Gallipoli (saved it).
Mustafa Kemal
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4 Central Power Positives:
- 1. Bulgaria joined
- 2. Chemical weapons
- 3. Subs
- 4. Gallipoli
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Home to German navy
Jutland
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Jutland was the only _________ battle in WWI.
naval
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German battleships met British battleships in ________
North Sea
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Longest, bloodiest battle of WWI
It protects Paris
Battle of Verdun
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New leader of Verdun
Petain
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French motto for the Battle of Verdun:
'they shall not pass'
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Who won the Battle of Verdun?
France
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Battle w/ highest single day casualties in WWI or WWII (GB lost 60,000 that day)
Battle of Somme
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War effects on the home front:
war weary, food rations, women worked hard (gained voting and respect), troops weary too
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Germany hired this man to revamp Ger., Indus. mngr., German Jew, it worked!
Rathenau
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'That kindly, stupid man'
poor leadership of Nicholas II
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-factory workers on strike
-troops sent to end strike, join
-Nicholas ordered Duma dissolved
-Duma fired Nicholas
Food Riots
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Removed Czar from power
1st Revolution in Russia
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Temporary government officials
Lvov and Kerensky
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what movement was growing in Russia saying that they wanted to pull out of the war but temp. gov't said 'NO!'
Socialist
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2 marxist leaders- planned 2nd Russian Revolution (Oct. 1917)
Lenin and Trotsky
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Who was the 3rd leader Lenin and Trotsky added
Stalin
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What group was in charge of Russia post-Revolution
Bolsheviks
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Russian group that wanted imidiate, violent revolution
Bolsheviks
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Russian group that wanted slow, peaceful revolution
Mensheviks
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Purpose of this was to throw out Czar
Revolution 1
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Communism/ Socialism introduced in this
Revolution 2
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________ wanted to pull Russia out of war.
Lenin
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Lenin had to make a treaty w/ ________ so they wouldn't invade
Germany
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Treaty proposed by Russia and signed by Germany
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
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Terms of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
- Russia: lost Poland, Finland, Ukrane, etc & 80% of coal, iron-ore
- Germany: wouldn't invade Russia
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Civil War broke out in Russia between _____ _______ & _____ ______.
Red Russians & White Russians
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Red Russians
Bolsheviks name in Russia's Civil War
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White Russians
Minsheviks, supporters of the Czar, allied powers, all opposed to the treaty
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Lenin put ________ (good military leader) in charge & Red Russians won after 2 years
Trotsky
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__________ pulled out of war so Germany had no Eastern threat
Russia
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________ decided they were so strong that they could resume sub warfare
Germany
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What was the date that the US entered the war?
April 6, 1917
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Whose entry into the war brought fresh supplies and troops into the war?
US
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The name of the proposal by president Woodrow Wilson
The 14 Points
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US President during WW1
Woodrow Wilson
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Two main points in the 14 Points by Woodrow Wilson
- 1) Self determination of ppl- ppl should have a right to choose a gov't of their own (also means colonies become independent)
- 2) There should be a place where ppl can talk out problems peacefully (to get rid of International Anarchy)
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2 main German military leaders:
Ludendorff & Hindenburg
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Allies halted Ludendorff at ___________ ____________
Chateau Thierry
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US military leader who captured Ludendorff @ Chateau Thierry
John J Pershing
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surrendered in Oct. 1918
Aust. Hung.
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Mutiny in Germ. military & uprising of Germ. ppl against _______ _________ ___ & declared a ____________ gov't.
- 1) Kaiser Wilhelm II
- 2) representative
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means to 'cease fire'
armistice
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Armistice called on this date
Nov. 11, 1918
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Dollar loss and economic dollar loss?
- $180 bill. loss
- $270 bill. economic loss
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Paris 1919
Peace Conference
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How many allied countries were there total?
27
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Who were the big 4 allied nations?
- 1)US- (Woodrow Wilson)
- 2)France- (George Clemenceau)
- 3)Britain- (David Lloyd George)
- 4)Italy- (Victorio Orlando)
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Leader of US during war
Woodrow Wilson
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Leader of France
George Clemenceau
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Leader of Britain
David Lloyd George
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Leader of Italy
Victorio Orlando
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________ & ___________ were out for REVENGE, they didn't want the 14 points
Britain & France
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Instead of making ____ tready for the end of the war, the allies ____________________.
1 treaty for all defeated powers, one treaty for each defeated power
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4 terms that were in all defeated powers treaties:
- 1. lost colonies
- 2. lost land gained in war
- 3. reduced military
- 4. pay some war damages
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2 old countries recreated:
Poland & Hungary (as it's own country)
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2 new countries created:
Yugoslavia & Czechoslovakia
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The name of the treaty that Germany had to sign
Treaty of Versailles
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