-
What is the palpable most cranial part of the shoulder region of the thoracic limb?
Greater tubercle or point of the shoulder
-
What is the canal in the medial epicondyle of the cat humerus that carries the median nerve and brachial vessels?
Supracondylar canal (foramen).
-
What is the landmark located in the fifth intercostal space in the standing animal?
Olecranon or point of the elbow.
-
What is the proximal end of the notch of the ulna?
Anconeal process.
-
What is the distal end of the notch (trochlear) of the ulna?
Medial coronoid process.
-
What small sesamoid may be located on the medial side of the carpus?
Sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor (abductor pollicus longus) tendon.
-
What is a landmark on the medial side of the manus and pes if present?
Dewclaw
-
What bony process holds the horny claw?
Ungual crest.
-
What is the palpable part of the hip bone caudal to the flank?
Tuber coxae, point of the hip.
-
What is the palpable caudal end of the hip bone?
Ischial tuber, ischiatic tuberosity, pinbone.
-
What is the palpable lateral structure of the proximal femur?
Greater trochanter.
-
What is the palpable proximal end of tibia?
Tibial tuberosity.
-
What is the distal end of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus.
-
What is the small sesamoid bone that may be found on the lateral side of the stifle?
Sesamoid in the tendon of origin of the popliteal muscle.
-
Structural classification groups joints according to their ____ ____.
Uniting medium
-
What are the three types of uniting medium of joints in the structural classification?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
-
A suture is what type of structural joint? Functional (movement)?
Fibrous, immovable.
-
Is a gomphosis (implantation of teeth in jaw) a true joint?
No, because teeth aren't part of the skeleton.
-
Where are symphyseal joints found?
Generally on midline of body.
-
What type of joint occurs between the bodies of most vertebrae?
Symphyseal - intervertebral disc.
-
Define the following joints, actions/movements allowed (give an example)
a. Ginglymus or hinge:
b. Plane joint
c. Ball-and-socket/spheroidal
d. Pivot joint
e. Condylar joint
- a. Flexion and extension (ex. elbow and most joints of the limbs)
- b. Gliding or sliding (ex. carpal bones)
- c. Universal movement (shoulder and hip)
- d. Rotation around a longitudinal axis (ex. atlantoaxial joint)
- e. Flexion and extension / rotation (stifle)
-
Most of the joints of the thoracic and pelvic limb have what type of ligaments? Which joints don't?
Collateral ligaments; shoulder and hip.
-
What five things characterize a synovial joint?
Mobility, articular cartilage, joint capsule (synovial membrane and fibrous capsule), synovial fluid, joint cavity.
-
What covers the articular ends of the bones?
Articular cartilage, usually hyaline cartilage.
-
What is the nerve and vascular supply in articular cartilage?
Doesn't have any.
-
How does articular cartilage receive nutrition and remove waste?
Synovial fluid, as it has no blood supply.
-
Where are bursae located?
Between skin & bones, tendon & bones, muscles & bones, ligaments & bones.
-
What is the function of a bursa?
Reduce friction between structures.
-
What structure, similar to a bursa, is completely wrapped around a tendon?
Tendon sheath, synovial sheath.
-
Where are synovial sheaths commonly found?
Carpus, tarsus, digits
-
What is the function of a synovial sheath?
Reduces friction on a tendon as it crosses a number of joints.
-
What is the configuration of the shoulder joint?
Ball-and-socket joint (spheroidal)
-
List the joints of the manus and the bones they are between.
- Carpus:
- -Antebrachiocarpal (radius & ulna & carpal bones)
- -Middle carpal (proximal and distal carpal rows)
- -Carpometacarpal joint (distal carpal and metacarpal bones)
- Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint (metacarpal bone & a proximal phalanx)
- Proximal interdigital (PIP) (proximal and middle phalanges)
- Distal interdigital (DIP) joint (middle & distal phalanges)
-
With what do the proximal ends of the ribs articulate? Distal ends?
Thoracic vertebrae; sternum.
-
Name the fibrocartilages between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
Intervertebral discs.
-
What elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog? In the cat?
Nuchal ligament; none
-
What elastic tissue fills the dorsal space (interarcuate space) between the arches of adjacent vertebrae?
Ligamentum flavum, interarcuate or yellow ligament.
-
What connects the heads of a pair of opposite ribs, crossing the dorsal part of the intervertebral discs?
Intercapital ligament.
-
What is the relatively immovable joint between the sacrum and the ilium?
Sacroiliac joint.
-
Name the ball-and-socket joint of the pelvic limb.
Hip joint, coxofemoral or coxal joint.
-
What are the fibrocartilaginous discs between the condyles of the femur and tibia?
Medial and lateral menisci (sin.=meniscus)
-
How are the cruciate ligaments that attach the femur and tibia named?
For their attachment to the tibia.
-
List the four main joints of the hock/tarsus.
- Tibiotarsal, tarsocrural or talocrural joint.
- Proximal intertarsal (PIT) joint.
- Distal intertarsal (DIT) joint.
- Tarsometatarsal (TMt) joint.
-
List the different types of muscles and whether they are voluntary or not.
- Striated - Skeletal (voluntary) & Cardiac (involuntary)
- Unstriated - Smooth (involuntary)
-
What are the two attachments of skeletal muscles?
- Origin - proximal or usually least movable
- Insertion - distal or usually more movable
-
What are the flat attachments of flat muscles (ex. abdominal muscles)?
Aponeuroses (sin.=aponeurosis)
-
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
- Tendons - attach a bone to a muscle
- Ligaments - attach 2 bones together
-
What do muscles actions depend upon?
How they cross a joint, number of joints crossed & shape of joint(s).
-
Define extrinsic and intrinsic muscles and give an example.
- Extrinsic - attach structure to body
- Intrinsic - both attachments in structure (ex. thoracic limb, eye, larynx)
-
What nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
Suprascapular nerve.
-
What nerve innervates almost all the extensors of the thoracic limb?
Radial nerve.
-
What are the two groups of the forearm muscles (their location)?
- Extensor of digits and carpus (craniolateral)
- Flexors of the digits and carpus (caudal)
-
What is the insertion of the deep digital flexor (DDF) and superficial digital flexor (SDF) muscles?
- DDF - distal phalanges
- SDF - proximal to the DDF insertion
-
What is the rectus sheath?
Aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles around the rectus abdominis muscle.
-
What muscles cover the trachea ventrally?
Two paired "strap muscles" (sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus muscles)
-
What muscles are above and below the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
- Epaxial muscles (above)
- Hypaxial muscles (below)
-
What are extensors of the stifle and what innervates them?
Cranial thigh (quadriceps) muscles, femoral nerve
-
What is the action and innervation of of the medial thigh muscles?
Adduction, obturator nerve
-
What are the actions of the crural muscles?
- Craniolateral - extensors of digits & flexors of the tarsus (called extensors)
- Caudal - flexors of digits & extensors of the tarsus (called flexors)
-
What is the innervation of the extensor muscles of the crus?
Craniolateral extensors - common fibular nerve
-
What nerve innervates the thin muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve (CrN 7)
-
What is the muscle of facial expression that encircles the eyes?
Orbicularis oculi muscle, facial nerve (auriculopalpebral branch)
-
What nerve is sensory to the three areas of the face and motor to the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve
-
What is the motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (CrN 12)
-
What is the function of the cutaneous muscle?
Twitch skin, shoo flies away.
-
How is the nervous system divided:
a. Functionally?
b. Structurally?
- a. Somatic (body) & autonomic (ANS) nervous systems.
- b. Central (CNS) & peripheral (PNS) nervous systems.
-
Which functional division of the NS keeps the body in balance with its external and internal environments respectively?
- External - Somatic
- Internal - Autonomic
-
What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
Brain & spinal cord.
-
What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial & spinal nerves and ganglia.
-
What are the two impulses of the nervous system, both somatic and autonomic?
Sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent).
-
What nervous structures pass from the spinal cord to the periphery?
Spinal nerves (LMN)
-
Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen.
-
What arises from the spinal cord to form a spinal nerve?
Dorsal (sensory) & ventral (motor) roots.
-
What are the two main branches of spinal nerves? What do they carry?
Dorsal & ventral branches (mixed: motor and sensory fibers)
-
What areas do the ventral and dorsal motor branches of the spinal nerves supply motor innervation?
- Ventral - muscles ventral to transverse process
- Dorsal - muscles dorsal to transverse process, sensory not exactly the same
-
What spinal nerve branches supply sensation from the skin of the abdominal wall and back?
- Dorsal - back (above transverse processes) & upper flank (including area below transverse process)
- Ventral - the rest
-
List the components of a reflex arc.
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Sensory (afferent) neuron
- Interneuron or associated neuron
- Motor (efferent) neuron or LMN
- Effector organ (the muscle of gland innervated by a motor neuron)
-
What are aggregations of nerve cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?
- CNS - nucleus
- PNS - ganglion
-
What is gray matter?
Part of nervous tissue containing neuronal cell bodies.
-
What is white matter?
Part of nervous tissue consisting mainly of myelinated nerve fibers/axons.
-
What is a nerve?
A bundle of nerve processes outside the CNS.
-
What are nerve tracts or fasciculi?
Nerve fiber bundles of common origin in the brain & spinal cord.
-
What forms nerve plexuses that are clinically significant?
Interlacing ventral branches of spinal nerves.
-
What important nerve arises from the cervical and brachial plexuses and supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve.
-
What plexus supplies some of the extrinsic and all of the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb?
Brachial.
-
What plexus supplies the abdominal wall, pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump and perineum?
Lumbosacral plexus.
-
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
-
What two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
-
Where does the radial nerve first reach the skin?
Lateral arm, under the border of the lateral triceps (susceptible to injury)
-
What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?
Lateral thoracic nerve.
-
What nerve innervates the flexor of the elbow & thus necessary for weight bearing?
Radial nerve.
-
What nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus & digits?
Radial nerve (extensor nerve).
-
What is the cutaneous innervation of the paw of the ulnar nerve?
Abaxial 5th (lateral) digit.
-
What is the large nerve crossing the heart to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve.
-
What is a branch of the vagus that returns to the neck?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
-
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate? What muscle is clinically important in horses/dogs with roarers?
Most laryngeal skeletal muscles; Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle.
-
What nerves supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall?
Intercostal nn. (ventral branches of the thoracic nn.)
-
What do the ventral and dorsal branches of spinal nn. T13, L1, L2 and L3 supply?
- Ventral branches - motor to abdominal muscles & skin of ventral abdomen.
- Dorsal branches - Motor and sensory to area above transverse process of the vertebrae, also sensory to the skin on the top dorsal flank (paralumbar fossa)
-
What nerve supplies motor innervation to the adductors of the thigh?
Obturator nerve.
-
What nerve innervates the extensors of the pelvic limb? Cutaneous innervation of this nerve?
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve.
-
What is the cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?
Saphenous nerve to the medial limb.
-
What nerve is required to bear weight on the pelvic limb?
Femoral nerve (L4-6), extends the stifle.
-
What nerve supplies the anus and the external anal sphincter?
Caudal rectal nerve.
-
What is a spinal cord segment?
Portion demarcated by the pair of spinal nn. that arise from it.
-
Name the five divisions of the spinal cord.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal.
-
Name the five functional divisions of the spinal cord.
- Area 1 (Cervical) : C1-5
- Area 2 (Brachial) : C6-T2
- Area 3 (Thoracolumbar) : T3-L3
- Area 4 (Pelvic limb) : L4-S1
- Area 5 (Sacral & caudal) : S2-Can.
-
What is the central "H"-shaped mass of a spinal cord cross section?
Gray matter (cell bodies give color)
-
Of what does white matter of the spinal cord consist?
Myelinated axons running up and down cord.
-
What are ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
- Ascending - myelinated afferent axons, sensory information
- Descending - myelinated efferent axons of UMN, motor fibers
-
Where does the spinal cord end in the dog? Cat?
- Dog - above body of vertebrae L6 (6-7)
- Cat - above sacrum
-
What are the meninges (sin.=menix)?
Three connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord & brain.
-
List the spaces associated with the meninges.
- Epidural space - between the vertebrae & the dura mater
- Subarachnoid space - between the pia & the arachnoid, it contains CSF.
-
List and describe the meninges.
- Dura mater - the outer tough meninx
- Arachnoid - the middle meninx pushed against the inside of the dura mater
- Pia mater - the innermost meninx, closely investing the spinal cord & brain
-
Describe the two expansions of the subarachnoid space used clinically.
- Cisterna magna - located between the caudal surface of the cerebellum & the dorsal surface of the medulla, just inside the foramen magnum
- Lumbar cistern - surrounding the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord
-
Where are upper motor neurons (UMN) located?
In CNS (brain & spinal cord), descending to synapse on LMN.
-
Where are lower motor neurons (LMN) located?
Extending away from spinal cord & brain to muscles or glands (form nn.)
-
Are spinal nerves lower or upper motor neurons?
LMN
-
What does the efferent neuron (LMN) of a reflex arc connect?
Spinal cord with muscles or glands.
-
The lower motor neuron can be ___ active.
Spontaneously
-
What is the function of most UMN?
Inhibit spontaneous activity of LMN until an action desired.
-
What is the function of proprioceptive fibers?
Sense position of body parts to each other & to the environment.
-
Over what structures do proprioceptive fibers travel?
Thus, where is the lesion if proprioception is lost?
- Peripheral nn., spinal cord, brain stem to cerebellum, & cerebrum.
- Any of the above structures, thus, it doesn't localize the lesion but is a sensative indication that there is a neuro problem.
-
What structures carry superficial and deep pain sensory fibers?
Peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain stem & cerebrum.
-
What is a dermatome? Autonomous zone?
Area of skin innervated by a nerve, only 1 spinal nerve respectively.
-
How can knowing the spinal segments innervating myotomes and dermatomes be used clinically?
Used to localize lesions.
-
How is the brain divided functionally?
Cerebrum/diencephalon (forebrain), brain stem, vestibular system & cerebellum.
-
What makes up the forebrain and what is its function?
Cerebrum & diencephalon (higher functions & controls ANS & endocrine)
-
What is responsible for consciousness and arousal? Where is it located?
Reticular activation system (RAS), brainstem
-
List three clinically significant parts of the brainstem.
Cranial nn. 3-12, vital centers & reticular activation system.
-
Name the three vital reflex centers in the brainstem?
Cardiac, vasomotor & respiratory
-
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinate movements, maintain equilibrium & maintain posture.
-
What is the function of the vestibular system?
Controls posture and balance.
-
For lesion localization how can the vestibular system be divided?
- Peripheral vestibular part - inner ear
- Central vestibular portion - brain stem
- Centers in the cerebellum
-
What does contralateral and ipsilateral mean?
- Contralateral - opposite side
- Ipsilateral - same side
-
Name the cranial nerves.
- 1 - Olfactory
- 2 - Optic
- 3 - Oculomotor
- 4 - Trochlear
- 5 - Trigeminal
- 6 - Abducens
- 7 - Facial
- 8 - Vestibulocochlear
- 9 - Glossopharyngeal
- 10 - Vagus
- 11 - Accessory (spinal accessory)
- 12 - Hypoglossal
-
What cranial nerve is entirely sensory (special sensory). dealing with vision?
Optic nerve (CrN 2)
-
What cranial nerves move the eye?
- Oculomotor (CrN 3)
- Trochlear (CrN 4)
- Abducens (CrN 6)
-
What is the function of the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve?
Motor involuntary/smooth mm. of the eye (near focus leans & constrict pupil)
-
What does the trigeminal nerve (CrN 5) innervate?
Sensory to most of head by 3 branches & muscles of mastication.
-
What does the facial nerve (CrN 7) innervate?
- Muscles of facial expression (including orbicularis oculi & eyelids)
- Lacrimal gland (ANS)
- Taste
-
What does the auriculopalpebral nerve (br. of CrN 7) innervate?
Eyelids (& ear muscles)
-
What are the most important functions of the facial nerve clinically?
- Motor to orbicularis oculi m.
- Lacrimal gland (dry eye)
-
Where are the buccal branches of the facial nerve?
Cross masseter muscle laterally and superficially
-
What is the trigeminal / facial reflex arc?
- Trigeminal nerve - sensory component
- Facial nerve - motor component
-
What is the eighth cranial nerve? With what does it deal?
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
- Hearing & balance, motion
-
What cranial nerve carries autonomic nerve fibers between the brain and the viscera of the thorax and abdomen?
Vagus (CrN 10)
-
What motor nerves supply the pharynx to aid in swallowing?
- Vagus (CrN 10) n.
- Glossopharyngeal (CrN 9) n.
-
What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve? What does it innervate?
- Branch of vagus n.
- Arises in thorax and extends back to larynx to innervate skeletal mm. of larynx, including cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
-
What clinically important nerves pass through the middle ear?
- Facial nerve (CrN 7)
- Sympathetic fibers
-
What type of nerve is the hypoglossal (CrN 12)?
What does it innervate?
- Motor nerve (somatic)
- Tongue mm.
-
Parasympathetic fibers are carried over what four cranial nerves?
- Oculomotor (CrN 3)
- Facial (CrN 7)
- Glossopharyngeal (CrN 9)
- Vagus (CrN 10)
-
How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) work?
Without conscious effort to maintain the homeostasis of the organism.
-
What structures does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) regulate?
- Smooth & cardiac muscles
- Glands
-
What is the function of each division of the ANS?
- Parasympathetic - energy conserving ("couch potato")
- Sympathetic - energy expending ("fight or flight")
-
Where do the two divisions of the ANS arive?
- Sympathetic - thoracolumbar outflow
- Parasympathetic - craniosacral ("para places") outflow
-
How does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?
It has 2 LMN (efferent) instead of one.
-
What are the two LMN of the autonomic nervous system?
- Preganglionic
- Postganglionic
-
Where does the preganglionic fiber synapse with the postganglionic efferent fiber in relationship to the CNS?
In ganglia distal to/outside of the CNS.
-
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax and most of the abdomen?
Vagus nerve (CrN 10)
-
What separates the respiratory and digestive passages in the head?
Hard & soft palates.
-
Name the four types of permanent teeth and give their abbreviations.
- Incisors (I)
- Canine (C)
- Premolars (PM)
- Molars (M)
-
What are the three divisions of the pharynx/throat (common passageway for the digestive and respiratory systems)?
Oro-, naso-, & laryngopharynx
-
What structure separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
Soft palate
-
Name the lymphoid tissue in the lateral wall of the oropharynx.
Palatine tonsil.
-
What is the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal concha and the hard palate?
Ventral nasal meatus.
-
What is the unpaired hyoid bone that crosses the midline?
Basihyoid bone
-
What does the pull of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage do?
Swings vocal process & vocal cords laterally, thus, opening glottic cleft
-
What is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft?
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle.
-
What is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?
Glottic cleft.
-
To which side of the trachea does the esophagus incline in the middle of the neck?
Left
-
How does the cavity of the bony thorax relate to the thoracic cavity?
Larger, dome of the diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space (encases abdomen).
-
***The descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?***
Right!
-
Where is the cecum located?
Right side between small & rest of large intestine.
-
List three different types of peritoneum.
- Parietal (wall)
- Visceral
- Connecting
-
How are mesentaries (connecting peritoneum) named?
Meso + organ connected
-
Where are the ovaries located in the carnivores?
Caudal to kidneys in the sublumbar region
-
What is the suspensory ligament in carnivores?
Part of broad ligament connecting the ovary to last 1 or 2 ribs.
-
What is the fornix of the vagina?
Ventral recess formed by the cervix projecting into the vagina.
-
Describe the cat scrotum's location and appearance.
- Perineal (close to anus)
- Densely covered by hair
-
What is the relationship of the ducuts deferens to the ureters?
Loops dorsally over the ureters ("water under bridge")
-
What is the inguinal canal?
Passageway through caudal abdominal wall.
-
Name the three main parts of the vaginal tunic.
Visceral, parietal, & connecting vaginal tunic
-
The vaginal cavity is continuous with the ____ at the vaginal ring.
Peritoneal cavity
-
On what side of the spermatic cord is the ductus deferens?
Medial.
-
What is the definition of an artery? A vein?
- Artery - vessels that travel away from the heart.
- Vein - vessels that travel towards the heart.
-
What specific large vein returns blood from roughly the cranial and caudal part of the body directly to the heart?
- Cranial vena cava
- Caudal vena cava
-
What are the chambers of the heart in the order they receive blood?
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
-
What side of the heart is part of the pulmonic circulation?
Right side
-
What side of the heart is part of the systemic circulation?
Left side
-
What is the outflow of the heart (left side) to the body?
Aorta
-
What arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face?
Common carotid arteries.
-
What vein returns blood from the head and neck?
External jugular veins.
-
Name the three unpaired branches to the abdominal viscera of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac, cranial & caudal mesenteric arteries.
-
Name the main branches of the terminal aorta.
- 2 External iliac - to the pelvic limb
- 2 Internal iliac - to pelvis
- 1 Median sacral - to tail
-
What is the main artery to the uterus?
Uterine artery.
-
What vessels supply the ventral abdominal wall?
Where do they run?
- Cranial and caudal epigastric vessels
- On the ventral abdomen, on either side of the midline
-
What is the direct continuation of the external iliac artery out of the abdominal cavity to the pelvic limb for which it is the main supply?
Femoral artery.
-
What is the vascular supply to the ovary?
Ovarian artery and vein in mesovarium
-
What is the large vein draining the intestines to the sinusoids of the liver?
Portal vein
-
Where do the ovarian or testicular veins drain?
- Right - into caudal vena cava
- Left - left renal vein (to avoid crossing aorta)
-
What vessels crosses the ventral surface of the adrenal gland and thus, are a surgical landmark for finding these structures?
Phrenioabdominal vv.
-
Where is the cephalic vein located?
On the cranial surface of the forearm.
-
What is the vein on the ventral surface of the tail that is the direct continuation of the medial sacral vein?
Median caudal v.
-
What are the two superficial veins of the pelvic limb?
Medial & lateral saphenous veins
-
What vein is on either side of the ventral surface of the tongue?
Lingual vein (the sublingual vein is on the floor of the mouth)
-
Describe the thoracic duct.
The major lymphatic vessel returning most of the lymph collected in the body back into the general circulation at the venous angle.
-
List the superficial lymph nodes of the body and their locations.
- Parotid
- Mandibular, superficial cervical lymph nodes
- Popliteal - superficial inguinal lymph nodes
-
What lymph node is located near the end of the aorta above the descending colon?
Medial iliac lymph nodes
-
The skin consists of what two layers?
Epidermis and dermis
-
The two layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis) lie on the ____.
- Subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia, subcutis
- Hypodermis, SQ or SC
-
Where is the skin thin?
Where is it thick?
-
What is another name for eyelids?
Palpabrae
-
What is the function of the pupil?
Control amount of light coming into the eye.
-
What is the flap of skin inside the medial part of the eyelids?
Third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
-
How can you get the third eyelid to cross the eye for examination?
Open the palpebral fissure & press the eyeball through the lateral upper lid.
-
How can the mouth be opened to look in the oral cavity?
Grasp the upper jaw with one hand & push down on the incisors with a finger of the other.
-
List the type of teeth and their abbreviations.
- Incisor (I)
- Canine (C)
- Premolar (PM)
- Molar (M)
-
What are the large, shearing teeth of dogs and cats?
Carnassial or sectorial teeth (upper premolar 4 & lower molar 1)
-
Describe the external ear canal.
Two parts, vertical part passes down takes a sharp turn & continues as the horizontal part to the ear drum (tympanic membrane).
-
What is the pocket of skin in the caudal edge of the ear?
Cutaneous pouch.
-
What do the costal cartilages of the ribs caudal to the sternum form?
Costal arch.
-
What remains of the entrance of the umbilical cord?
Umbilicus or belly button (faint scar)
-
How many mammae does the dog usually have?
8 to 10/ 4 to 5 pairs
-
What is the lateral area between the back legs on the stomach?
Inguinal region.
-
What is the most dorsal portion of the flank?
Paralumbar fossa.
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What are the boundaries of the perineum?
- Base of the tail
- Tuber ischii
- Past the vulva (female), to base of the scrotum (male dog), past the scrotum (male cats)
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Where are the openings of the anal sacs (clock faced analogy)?
4 & 8 o'clock position.
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What is the depression on either side of the anus?
Ischiorectal fossa.
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Where would you find the tibia and fibula?
Crus or true leg (gaskin).
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Where is the clitoris found?
In the ventral commissure of labia.
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