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binge drinking
a dangerous practice of rapid alcohol consumption, defined as four or more drinks in a row for a woman or five or more drinks in a row for a man
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denial
a defense mechanism in which an individual fails to acknowledge an obvious reality
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substance abuse
DSM diagnosis for substance use that has negative consequences
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Substand Dependance
DSM diagnosis for substance use that is compulsive, out of control, and has negative consequences, often including phsycial dependance on the substance
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tolerance
the body's adaptation to a substance as indicated by the need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect or obtaining less effective response to using the same amount over time
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withdrawal
physical or psychological symptoms that occur when substance use is decreased or stopped
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polysubstance abuse
the misure of three or more substances
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dual diagnosis
the coexistence of a substance use diagnosis and another Axis I or II diagnosis for a client
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depressants
substances that slow CNS functions
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alcoholism
another term for alcohol dependance
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a syndrome consisting of mental retardation, growth impairment, and facial distortions in a child, caused by intrauterine alcohol exposure related to a mother's drinking during pregnancy
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sedatives
substances used to promote relaxation
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hypnotics
substances used to promote sleep
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anxiolytic
an anxiety-reducing effect
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cross-tolerance
tolerance extending across drungs within a class
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synergistic
the muliplication of effects when two or more drugs of the same class are taken together
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opioids
all of the derivatives--natural and synthetic-- of the opium poppy
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norcotics
another term for opioids
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endogenous
internal or natural
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enkephalins
the first endogenous opioids to be discovered
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enorphins
a class of endogenous opioids known as the cause of "runner's high"
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stimulants
substances that increase CNS functions
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cocaine
a powerful stimulant derived from the leaes of the coca plant
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amphetamines
synthetic stimulants with a chemical structure similar to that of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine
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nicotine
a mild stimulant in the leaves of the tobacco plant
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caffeine
a mild stimulant found in many foods and beverages
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hallucinogens
substances that produce hallucinatory changes in the sensory perception
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LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide, a potent synthetic hallucinogen
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psilocybin
the active ingredient found in mushrooms with hallucinogenic properties
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peyote
a small, carrot- shaped cactus containing mescaline found mostly in mexico and central america
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mescaline
a hallucinogenic substance found in peyote
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marijuana
the world's most widely used illegal substance, derived from the cannabic plant
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half-life
the amount of time it takes for half of a substance to be eliminated from the body
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic amphetamine/stimulant with some hallucinogenic properties
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PCP
phencyclidine, a substane of abuse originally developed as an animal anesthetic
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Ketamine
a shorter-active derivatie of PCP still used as an anesthetic
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GHB
gamme-hydroxybutyrate, a so-called natural bodybuilding and sleep aid that has become a popular club drug
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inhalants
chemicals that produce a "high" when inhaled
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anabolic steroids
a synthetic substype of steroids resembling testosterone that tend to increase muscle mass and are often abused with the aim of enhancing athletic performance or physique
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longitudinal
research that studies subjects over time
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self-meidcation
the abuse of substances to compensate for deficianes in neurochemisty or to soothe unpleasant emotional states
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Flipped switch theory
the hypothesis that continued use of a substance can precipitate a biologically based switch from controlled use to addiction
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substitution (maintenance) therapy
the practice of providing opioid addicts with a substitute opioid in a safe, medically monitored setting
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tension reducation
a behavioral explanation of substance mususe based on the ability of drugs to relieve distress (i.e. negative renforcement)
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covert sensitization
behavioral intervention involving pairing unpleasant emotional images with unwanted behaviors, such as drug used
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aversion therapy
behavioral technique involving pairing an unwanted behavior with an aversive stimulus in order to classically condition a connection between them
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contingency management
the use of reinforcements and punishments to shape behavior in adaptive directions
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cognitive schemes
mental models of the world used to organize information
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negative automatic thoughts
negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemes
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cognitive restructuring
therapy techniques that forcuso n changing irrational and problematic thoughts
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network therapy
a treatment for substance misuse that emphasizes engagement of the client's social network of friends and family in treatment
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codependancy
a relationship in which family members unconsciously collude with the substances misuse of another member even though they may consciously oppose it
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identified patient
in family therapy, the family's perception of who in the family is trouble
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motivational interviewing
a multimodal therapy method for enhancing motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
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