A & P Exam 6

• 1. Fluid balance
• 2. Protection from infection
• 3. Absorption of fat

It serves as a second drainage pathway for fluid and proteins that escape from blood capillaries and are left behind.

Lympocytes, a group of white blood cells, live and multiply in this sytem. From here they can attack and destroy foreign organisms.

The fats that are too big to enter the capillaries in the digestive system are absorbed into the lymphatic system and added to the blood stream when the lymph joins it.

It si not a complete circuit. It is a one-way system that begins in the tissues and ends when the lymph joins the blood.

They are made up of a single layer of epithelial cells, but have larger gaps than do blood capillaries, making them more permeable.

Specializes lymphatic capillaries located in the small intestine's lining to absorb digested fats.

It is the first part of the thoracic duct which enlarges to form a cistern or temporary storage pouch.

The milky fluid that drains from the intestinal lacteals.

the membrane that surrounds the intestines

a congenital condition caused by abnormal development of the lymph vessels

• usually the result of surgey or trauma.
• ie..a mastectomy where lymph nodes are removed

basically it is a filter and they contain lymphocytes

• 1. cervical nodes
• 2. axillary nodes
• 3. tracheobronchial nodes
• 4. mesenteric nodes
• 5. inguinal nodes--aka. buboes (where bubonic plague got its name)

to filter the blood.

• 1. cleanse the blood by filtration and phagocytosis.
• 2. destroy old, worn-out red blood cells (gives the by-products to the liver)
• 3. produces red blood cells before birth
• 4. serves as a reservoir for blood

in the superior thorax deep to the sternum

Certain lymphocytes must mature in the thymus before they can perform their functions (T-Lymphocytes). Thymosin promotes their growth and lypmhoid tissue throughout the body.

• 1. The pharyngeal tonsils are the most superior and are usually called the adenoids.
• 2. The palantine tonsils are located at each side of the soft palate. (These are the TRUE tonsils.)
• 3. The lingual tonsils are located at the posterior of the tongue.

inflammaton of the lymph vesells that can usually be seen as red streaks along an extremity

inflammation of lymph nodes

swelling or edema caused by obstruction of lymph flow

"disease of the lymph nodes"

Usually an early sign of HIV infection. (virus)

an acute viral infection that that primarily enlarges the cervical nodes during infection

enlargement of the spleen that normally accompanies acute infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, thyphus fever, typhoid fever, and syphilis.

• 1. Hodgkins disease- common in the early 20's amoung men and women and then more commonly in men over 50; early signs are weight loss, fever, night sweats, fatigue, anemia; Clear sign of disease is Reed-Sterberg cells in lymph node biopsy.
• 2. Non-Hodgkins disease- more common than Hodgkins affecting mostly older adults; enlargement of cervical nodes is an early sign; it is more widespread throughout the lymphatic system and thus speads more rapidly; no Reed-Strenberg cells; occurs commonly with HIV infection

• 1. the portal of entry...ie. respiratory tract, digestive system, skin breaks
• 2. the virulence or the organisms power to overcome
• 3. the organisms ability to produce toxins that damage the body
• 4. the dose or number of pathogens that invade the body
• 5. an individual's predisposition to infection

• 1. the skin is a mechanical barrier.
• 2. the mucous membranes trap foreign material
• 3. body secretions such as tears, perspiration, and saliva
• 4. certain reflexes such as coughing or sneezing, and vomiting or diarrhea

• neutrophils (granular leukocyte)
• macrophages (agranular leukocyte derived from monocytes)

Natural Killer cells that can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes and destroy them by secreting an enzyme that breaks down the cell membrane of the abnormal cell.

• 1. heat
• 2. redness
• 3. swelling
• 4. pain

similar to basophills but the cells reside in the tissues

mixture of leukocytes and fluid

mixture of exudate, living and dead white blood cells, pathogens, and destroyed tissue

• 1. it stimulates phagocytes
• 2. it increases metabolism
• 3. it decreases certain organism's ability to multiply

When certains cells are infected with a virus, they release a substance that prevents nearby cells from producing more virus. It interferes with the multiplication and spead of the virus.

It is used to treat multiple sclerosis because it stimulates cells that depress the immune system.

innate immunity is inborn and inherited in a person's genes

It developes after birth. It is accquired by natural or artificial means and may be either passive or active.

contact with a disease

the placenta or the mothers milk

vaccine

• immune
• serum

• any foreign substance that enters the body and causes an immune response.
• It's critical feature is that it stimulates the activity of T or B cells.

• 1. cytotoxic cells- they directly destroy foreign cells
• 2. helper T cells- release a substance called interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes and macrophages.."calling all white blood cells"
• 3. regulatory T cells- suppress the immune sytem to prevent overactivity
• 4. memory T cells- they remember an antigen and start a rapid response if encountered again

A macrophage eats an antigen and breaks it down. It displays a fragment of the antigen on its surface along with something that the helper cell recognizes as belonging to "self". When the T helper cell binds to this combination, it releases interleukin which stimulates other leukocytes to join the fight.

a substance produced in response to an antigen; also known as immunglobulin or Ig. They are manufactured by B cells.

They have receptors that bind with a specific type of antigen. When exposed, they multiply rapidly and produce large numbers of clone plasma cells. These cells release the antibodies into the bloodstream that they have produced. Some of the clones do not become plasma cells but instead become memory cells, ready to produce antibodies on contact.

the antibody bonds to the antigen that caused its creation and destroy or inactivate it.

whooping cough

overactive immune stem that begins attacking "self"

It destroys helper T cells that have a receptor (cd4) for the virus. It then uses its RNA to invade the DNA of a cell and reproduce itself.

a cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow

a process where NK cells normally kill all cancer cells as they arise