Abdomen

peritoneum

abdominal wall

diaphragm, up to 4th intercostal space

anterolateral wall

ribs 7-10 and xiphoid

inguinal ligament and pelvic bones

• external oblique
• internal oblique
• tranverse abdominus
• rectus abdominus
• linea alba

• Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
• Insertion: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
• Action: Flexion in spine & compression of abdomen
• Innervation:anterior rami of T6-T12

• Origin: ribs 5-12
• Insertion: illiac crest, pubic tubercle and linea alba
• Action:flex spine and compress abdomen
• Innervation: anterior rami of T7-11 and subcostal nerve

• Origin: iliac crest, tracolumbar fascia
• insertion:ribs 10-12 and linea alba
• Action: flex spine and compress abdomen
• innervation: anterior rami of T7-11 and L1

• Origin:ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fasia, iliac crest
• Insertion:linea alba and pubis
• Action:compression of abdomen
• innervation: anterior rami of T7-11 and L1

• continuation of lower intercostal nerves
• supply: muscle of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin

• larger T12 anterior ramus
• supply : muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin superior to iliac crest and inferior to umbillicus

• terminal branch of L1 anterior ramus
• Supply: skin over iliac crest, upper lingual and hypogastric regions, internal oblique and transverse abdominus

• terminal branch of L1 anterior ramus
• supply skin of scrotum and labia majora, mons pubis, medial thigh, internal oblique and transverse abdominus

• thoraco-abdominal nerves
• subcostal nerve
• ilihypogastric
• ilioinguinal

• Psoas major
• illiacus
• quadratus lumborum
• (along with transverse and obliques)

• Origin:tranverse process lumbar vertebrae, T12-S1
• Insertion:tendon of iliacus and lesser trochanter of femur
• Action: flex thigh, flex trunk, flex vertebral column
• innervation: lumbar plexus via nerves L2-L4

• Origin:iliac fossa and sacrum
• Insertion:tendon psoas major into lesser trochanter of femur
• Action (w/ psoas major):flex thigh at hip joint, fles trunk , stabalize hip joint
• innervation: femoral nerve ( L2-L4)

• Origin: iliac crest
• Insertion: 12th rib & transverse process of L1-L4
• Action:both contract:extension lumber spine , one contracts:lateral flexion lumbar spine
• innervation: anterior rami of T12, L1-L4

• parietal
• visceral

lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

covers abdominal organs

• greater omentum
• falciform ligament
• lesser omentum
• messentery
• mesocolon

largest peritoneal fold

attaches liver with anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

suspends the stomach and duodenum from liver

binds jejenum and ileum of small intestine to abdomen wall

bind transverse colon and sigmoid of large intestine to posterior abdominal

• ingestion
• secretion
• mixing and propulsion-mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus
• digestion
• absorption
• defocation-digested materials that were nto absrobed leave body through anus

tube that transports food from pharynx to stomach

passage of food from laryngopharynx into esophagus

allows sphincter to relax and lets the blous to enter esophagus

relaxes during swallowing and allow bolus to pass from esophagus into stomach

esophagus to duodenum

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

• pyloris antrum: connects to body of stomach
• pyloric canal: leads into duodenum

circular, oblique and longitudinal

duodenum, jejenum and illeum

• shortest region
• *retroperitoneal
• approx 25cm

• 1m long
• extends to ileum

• longest region (2m)
• joins large intestine at ileocecal sphincter

cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

1.5 long and 6.5 cm diameter

• -about 6 cm long
• -connect ileum with ascelndign colon

allows materials to pass from small intestine to large itnestine

• -last 20 cm of GI tract
• Anus
• internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle
• External anal sphincter: skeletal muscle

insulin and glucagon (regulte blood sugar)

behind the stomach

enzymes that are involved in digestion of fats and proteins in small intestine

• tail: touches spleen
• body: behind stomach
• head: encircled by duodenum

12 cm long and 7cm wide

• diaphragmatic and visceral
• *connected to stomach by lesser omentum

liver

• storage of glycogen and vitamins and minerals
• phagocytosis:
• activation of vitamin D

• lipid metabolism
• carbohydrate metabolism
• protein metabolism
• processing drugs and horomone

• 1.hepatocytes
• 2.bile canaliculi-small ducts b/w hepatocytes
• 3. hepatic sinusoids: capillaries- rows of hepatocytes

• right and left hepatic ducts unite and exit lover as common hepatic duct
• common hepatic duct joins cystic duct to form common bile duct
• bile goes to small intestine

• hepatic portal system- drains blood from dgestive organs, sends it to liver
• hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein carry blood to liver sinusoids where oxygen, nutrients and toxic substance taken up by hepatocytes
• blood leaves liver by hepatic veins
• hepatic veins drain inferior vena cava

• 2 kidneys
• 2 ureters
• 1 urinary bladder
• 1 urethra

the remaining salt and water that is not sent back to bloodstream

urinary bladder, urethra

• 1.ion regulation and osmoregulation
• -salt and water balance
• 2.waster management
• -excrete matabolic wastes
• 3.horomone production
• -function as andocrine glands
• -prodeuce and release vitamin D, erythropoetin and renin
• 4.gluconeogenesis
• -production of glucose from non carbonate sources

filteration (glomeruli)

re-absorption (loops of henle)

10-12cm

renal pyramids

• renal corpuscle- blood plasma
• renal tubule- the filtered fluid oasses through

• glomerulus-blood filtering
• blood flows in with afferent ateriole and leaves afferent arteriole
• bowman's capsule: where nephron surrounds glomerular capillaries

• proximal tubule
• loop of henle
• distal tubule
• collecting duct

• urine drains into collecting duct
• urine then drains into papillary ducts
• papillary ducts drain into minor and major calyces
• urine then travels into single cavity called renal pelvis
• from renal pelvis goes through ureter into urinary bladder

when bladder fills with urin the pressure in it compresses the openings into ureters to prevent backflow of urine

700-800ml

trigone

micturition

males its is 20 cm comapred to 4cm

• prostatic urethra
• membranous urethra
• spongy urethra

cortex, medulla