Bio-Arch

Nucleotides

Chemicals bind to DNA, can be colors or light indicative.

An indirect method of seeing DNA (seeing if DNA is present). The spectrophotometer measures the absorbance of nucleic acid solutions at a certain wavelength. Just sort of see how much light is absorbed by the object in the test tube, if not much there is not a lot of DNA, if a lot is absorbed, there is a lot of DNA.

a technique used to seperate DNA fragments from one another using electrical pulses in an electrophoretic gel stained with E.B.

• When there are different types or forms of the same "thing"
• examples include the same gene with different alleles (coding for variations in traits) or the same DNA locus with different sequences.

one change in a long DNA sequence (example, A switches to G)

A more serious form of genetic mutation where a nucleotide is inserted or deleted. Can be devestating depending on where the mutation occurs in the gentic code.

shorter fragments travel farther than larger fragments

A short DNA sequence designed by the researcher as a fish hook. Must have right and left primers for successful PCR amplification. A primer automatically binds to the identical spot in the DNA area and will trigger multiplication.

After PCR amplification you use the gel staining to see how much DNA was sucessfully amplified. Do not want to have too long of a sequence, because that would be contamination, but something under 300bp is feasible.

the enzyme used to "read" and attach corresponding nucleotides during DNA amplification

The optimal chemical condiition with magnesium ions that allows PCR amplification to suceed.

Can not be too long or too short, and you do not want complementary sequences within a primer or to a part of the opposite primer. Also want to have similar Tm values for your primer and DNA. And avoid more than 3 consecutive Cs or Gs because this may lead to repeating.

Short Tandem Repeats. Used for DNA fingerprinting. Looks at short repeated sequences of DNA (4 or 5 repeat base pairs), can look at 16 different loci and the chances of any two people have the same 16 different STR's at these locations is almost none.

Tm = (4 x GC) + (2 x AT)

• EB: ethidium-bromide: used for staining
• Agarose gel for molecular seive and electrical medium
• remember the intensity of gel staining is proportional to the amount of DNA

besides probably not being sensitive enough, it is also not sticky enough.

• Denaturing at 94-95 degrees celsius
• Annealing at 50-60 degrees celsius
• Extension at 72 degrees celsius

Between 55-60 degrees celsius